脊髓灰质炎病毒检测方法的研究进展

Research progress on methods of poliovirus detection

脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒(Poliovirus,PV)检测的主要目的是用于确定个体PV感染状况及提供急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)病例的实验室诊断依据。PV检测方法主要有病毒分离法、血清中和试验(Neutralization test,NT)、型内鉴定方法 (Intratypic differentiation,ITD)和序列测定分析等。病毒分离法是使用人横纹肌肉瘤(Human rhabdomyosarcoma,RD)细胞和表达人类脊灰病毒受体的小鼠肺细胞系(Mouse cell line expressing the gene for the human cellular receptor for poliovirus,L20B)培养PV并进行分离;NT是用标准抗血清对标本中分离到的病毒株进行中和,从而判断PV的血清型;ITD是用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法鉴定PV的血清型和基因型;序列测定分析方法是通过软件对PV的测序结果进行分析,了解其基因突变及流行、进化情况。本文分别从各种方法的背景、原理、类型、技术优点、实验条件和主要影响因素、应用前景以及存在的不足等方面进行综述和比较分析。检测方法的研究对脊灰的诊断和防控具有重要意义。

The main purpose of poliovirus （PV） detection is to identify PV infection of individuals and to provide laboratory diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis （AFP）. PV detection methods include virus isola- tion, serological neutralization test （NT）, intratypic differentiation （ITD）, and sequence analysis. Virus isolation uses human rhabdomyosarcoma （RD） cell and mouse cell lines expressing the gene for the hu- man cell receptor for poliovirus（L20B） to culture and isolate PV; NT uses standard antiserum to neutral- ize virus strains isolated from samples for determining PV serotypes; ITD uses real-time fluorescent quan- titative RT-PCR to identify PV serotypes and genotypes; sequence analysis uses a software to analyze the PV sequence to determine gene mutation, epidemics and evolution. In this paper, we reviewed and com- pared backgrounds, principles, types, technical advantages, experimental conditions, and the main in- fluencing factors, application prospects, and deficiencies of all detection methods. Research on detection methods is of a great importance for diagnosis, prevention, and eradication of poliomyelitis.