行走中的山水——中国古代山水的“游”“观”“回”

Enjoying the Sight of Natural Landscapes While Walking: “Traveling”, “Seeing” and “Return” in Ancient Chinese Landscape Painting

中国古人面对山水,呈现出一种"游"的心态。既然要出游,必然要观看,中国古人面对山水,有几种典型的观看之道:孔子的道德之观,庄子的宇宙之观,《周易》的俯仰之观。既然是出游,必然有返回,老子的"大曰逝,逝曰远,远曰反",《周易》的"无平不陂,无往不复"的哲学观使得中国古人的山水观里面"回"的观念也比较突出。这些都影响了中国古代的山水观以及山水画创作理念。

When facing natural landscapes, ancient Chinese tended to be in a mood of traveling. Since they travelled, they needed to ＂see＂.There are three typical ways of ＂seeing＂： Confucius seeing with moral associations, Zhuangzi＇s seeing from the perspective of the universe, and the seeing from the downward or upward angles in Book of Changes. As one goes traveling, he must return one day or another. The concept of ＂return＂ is highlighted in ancient Chinese＇s attitudes towards natural landscapes because of such philosophical concepts as ＂Great also means passing on, and passing on means going far away, and going tar away means return＂ （Laozi）, and ＂While there is no state of peace that is not liable to be disturbed, and no departure （of evil men） so that they shall not return＂ （Book of Changes）. All this has influenced ancient Chinese＇s views of natural landscapes and their ideas about landscape painting.