6Hsiao Kung-chuan, Rural China : Imperial Control in the 19th Century ( Seattle : University of Washington Press, 1967 ), pp. 17,19.
7《武清县城乡总册》写本.
8Sidney D. Gamble, North China Villages : Social, Political, and Economic Activities before 1933 ( Berkeley : University of California Press, 1963), pp. 148,163,181,196.