堆肥方式对氮素损失和留存的影响

Effects of Composting Methods on Nitrogen Loss and Conservation

为了探讨不同堆肥方式(农民堆肥、厌氧堆肥、混合堆肥和好氧堆肥)对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素损失和留存的影响,以奶牛粪便为堆肥原料,在64天的堆肥过程中考察和比较了不同堆肥方式对N_2O和NH_3排放、渗滤液、其他形式的氮损失,以及对氮素留存的影响。结果表明:堆肥结束时,农民堆肥、厌氧堆肥、混合堆肥和好氧堆肥氮损失量分别占总氮量的27.9%、27.0%、30.0%和25.1%,但农民堆肥的腐熟度仅为65.9%,其他3种堆肥方式均达到了腐熟标准(>80%);NH_3是奶牛粪便堆肥过程中氮素损失的主要贡献者,NH3排放量最大的是好氧堆肥,其造成的氮损失占总氮量的22.5%,其次为混合堆肥(16.6%),而厌氧堆肥NH3排放引起的氮损失率最少,仅为7.5%;堆肥过程中N_2O造成的氮损失相对较少,占总氮量的0.06%~0.11%;渗滤液的氮损失率为1.5%~12.0%,农民堆肥渗滤液氮损失率最大,好氧堆肥渗滤液氮损失量最小;其他形式的氮损失率为1.0%~10.2%,好氧堆肥的其他形式氮损失率最小,而厌氧堆肥最大。与其他堆肥方式相比,好氧堆肥不仅能够满足堆肥产品的腐熟度要求,而且有利于减少氮素损失和留存氮素。

To investigate the effect of different composting methods（farmer compost, anaerobic compost, mixedcompost and aerobic compost） on nitrogen loss and conservation during manure composting, faeces of dairycattle was used to study and compare the effect on nitrogen loss by N2O and NH3 emissions, leachate and otherforms of nitrogen loss and nitrogen conservation. The results showed that the nitrogen loss rate was 27.9%,27.0%, 30.0% and 25.1% of farmer compost, anaerobic compost, mixed compost and aerobic compost,respectively, after compost. Except farmer compost（65.9%）, others reached the required maturity standard（80%）; NH3 emission was the main contributor to nitrogen loss, aerobic compost had the largest NH3 emission, which accounted for 22.5% of the total nitrogen loss amount, then was mixed compost（16.6%）, whileanaerobic compost had the least（7.5%）. Cumulative N loss via N2O emissions was less, which accounted for0.06% to 0.11% of the total; 1.5%-12.0% of initial nitrogen was lost through leachate, farmer compost had thelargest leachate loss, while aerobic compost had the smallest; nitrogen loss in other forms was 1.0% to 10.2%,aerobic compost had the lowest nitrogen loss in other forms, while anaerobic compost had the highest. Aerobiccompost could meet the requirement of maturity standard and benefit to nitrogen loss reduction and nitrogenconservation.