基于模拟的中小学教学楼绿色设计方法研究——以寒冷地区为例

Green Design Method of Primary and Secondary School Teaching Buildings Based on Simulation: Taking Teaching Buildings in Cold Region for Example

中小学教学楼由于使用人群和功能的特点,其节能设计方法具有明显的特殊性,舒适度具有更高的要求。针对寒冷地区中小学教学楼,笔者运用性能模拟技术,提出了从建筑的整体控制、平面组织到空间优化的被动式绿色设计流程,将适宜的被动式策略应用于场地分析、建筑布局、体型控制、围护结构选择、功能配置以及空间的风光环境优化等设计环节,形成适合寒冷地区中小学教学楼的绿色设计方法,并将该方法应用到天津某小学教学楼设计实践中。

As an important type of public buildings,teaching buildings in primary and secondary schools occupy a large amount of construction volume. The users are mainly teenagers,and the functional requirements of the buildings are clear and specific with high standards in health,comfort,safety and other aspects. At the same time,the buildings in primary and secondary schools are good carriers of green culture education. G enerally,the investment to the buildings is limited which means that reducing the construction cost must be considered. Because of the long vacation in winter and summer,the buildings do not operate in the coldest and hottest period of the year,which provide a potential to energy-saving.Therefore,relatively low-cost passive design strategies are very suitable to the teaching buildings in primary and secondary schools. Overall,the energy consumption characteristics of the buildings are obvious.This paper takes the teaching buildings in primary and secondary schools in cold region as the research objects. With the help of digital simulation technologies,appropriate passive green strategies are selected. As the result of the research,design processes and important technology strategies in each process are presented. G reen design of the teaching buildings in primary and secondary school can be followed the passive design process from the building ＇s overall control,plane organization to space optimization and various important technical strategies can be applied in the whole process. In the stage of overall control,reducing energy consumption is mainly by building shape,building layout and material selection; In the stage of plan organization,reducing energy consumption is mainly through the thermal buffer set to minimize the winter heat loss, as well as setting atrium to improve indoor comfort;Considering the comfort needs of classroom space and public space on space-optimization level,shadingdesign and natural ventilation optimization are taken into account.Computer simulation technologies such as Phoenics which can simulate wind environment,Design Builder which can simulate buildings ＇ energy consumption and Ecotect which can simulate the natural lighting condition are used. Various stages of the architectural design process are optimized according to the physical environmental simulation results. At the end of the paper,the green design method is applied to the design practice of a primary school building in Tianjin,China,to verify the effect of the methods.The weather conditions of Tianjin were set up by Weather tool software.The research result can be directly applied to the green design practice of the teaching buildings in primary and secondary school in cold areas,which is of great value to create a green,comfortable and educational environment and it could be reference to the design of teaching buildings in other climatic areas.