美国机构养老社区空间人本化构建及经验借鉴

Human-oriented space making of institutional elderly care communities in the United States and implications

中国老龄化正在加速发展,面临一系列严峻挑战,特别是机构养老社区的人本化构建。本文通过系统化梳理和分析美国先进案例和实践经验,甄别出其机构养老社区空间发展的四个新动向:(1)在区位选择上,趋向于分布在气候舒适和景观宜人的地方;(2)在空间融合上,趋向于嵌入具有高城市性(urbanity)的大型养老社区;(3)在内部规划上,趋向于功能分区弹性化和适老设计人本化;(4)在投融资模式上,趋向于投资多元化特别是PPP为主体的公私合营化。借鉴美国机构养老社区的空间发展新动向,提出了相应的政策响应和学术启示,以期为中国机构养老事业的优化发展提供新思路。

With the rapid aging of population, China faces a series of challenges, particularly in the development of human-oriented institutional elderly care communities. Based on a systematic review and analysis of some cases and best practices in the United States, this article identifies four dynamic trends in developing institutional elderly care communities that these communities tend to：（1） be located in places with high climate amenities and attractive landscape;（2） be embedded in larger and comprehensive elderly care communities with high urbanity;（3） be endowed with more flexible functional zoning and senior-friendly design in inner-space planning; and（4） involve multiple investors with an emphasis on public-private partnership（PPP） in financing.Learning from the advanced experiences from the United States, this article then puts forward some policy suggestions and discusses their implications for China, for inspiring new thinking for China＇s development of institutional elderly care communities.