清代卫所裁并总论

General Research on Abolition and Merger of Wei and Suo in Qing Dynasty

卫所制度建立于明初,明中后期开始"民化"。入清以后,清政府逐步对其进行改置和裁并。一些卫所被改置为府、厅、州、县,一些卫所直接被裁掉、其土地与人口被并入附近的府厅州县。与此同时,清朝也有建立新的卫所,直至后来才被裁并。而且裁并卫所的过程时有反复,一些被裁掉的卫所会再次设立,之后又会再次被裁并。有清一朝,共有约817个卫所被裁并。在所有被裁并的卫所中,有21个卫所先被裁并,后又复设,之后又再次被裁并。有22个卫所是清朝新设置的卫所,之后同样也被裁并。有67个卫所被改置为府、厅、州、县这样的行政区划单位,主要集中于康熙、雍正与乾隆三朝,主要分布在西南与西北两个区域。在七种改置类型中,改卫为县数量最多。在被改置的三种卫所类型中,实土卫所占绝大多数。清廷对于卫所的裁并,有利于国家行政区划的整齐划一和中央对地方的控制,也有利于政府管理和征税征粮操作的便利性,还有利于各民族间互通有无与地区经济、文化交流。

Wei-suo system was government gradually adjusted and built in early Ming dynasty. After Qing dynasty replaced Ming dynasty, reformed wei-suo system, some wei and suo were abolished, some Qing were merged together, and some were changed into prefectures, states or counties. In the meantime, some new wei and suo were set up by Qing government, but finally they also being abolished and merged. And some process was very tortuous. In Qing dynasty, a total of 817 wei and suo were abolished, among them, 21 wei and suo were abolished, then rebuilt, then abolished again; 22 wei and suo were totally new which were set up by Qing government, but still abolished at last; 67 wei and suo were changed into administrative division units, and the number of changing wei and suo to county is the most. In a word, the abolition and merger ofwei and suo in Qing Dynasty, is good for the uniform of national administrative division and the control of the central to local, also conducive to efficient management of government and the convenient operation of taxation, as well as beneficial to the interaction and communication between different ethnic groups and the development of local economy and culture.