明代福建行都司的设置与裁撤缘由探析

Reasons of Establishment and Dissolution of Branch Regional Military Commission in Fukien during Ming Dynasty

明代都司掌一方军政,在福建有福建都司和行都司并存,行都司又于万历年间被裁撤,二者皆属特例,关于其原因,目前尚未有细致的分析。行政建置与地理形势有着密切联系,明初设置福建行都司的基础和原因正是在于福建以福州、建州为中心的山、海并立特殊地理格局。同时,《敬和堂集》等材料表明,由于明代兵制的变革,巡抚、总兵、兵备道等机构逐步侵夺行都司最重要的军事职能,加之明末福建地方财政困难,致使行都司遭到裁撤。福建行都司的设置与裁撤是明代政区建置与地理形势、制度变革间互动的重要例证。

The military-political affairs in Fukien were managed by Regional Military Commissions and Branch Regional Military Commissions,and the latter was dissolved in 1594.Their coexistence and the dissolution were regarded as the particular cases whose reasons haven＇t been analyzed fully so far.Establishing the political institutions is connected closely with geographic features.That was the fundamental reason why Branch Regional Military Commissions was set up in early Ming Dynasty since Fukien was surrounded by mountains and sea and centered in Fuzhou（福州）and Jianzhou（建州）.According to some historical materials,like Jinghetang Ji（敬和堂集）,influenced by the revolution of military system and local financial difficulties,some institutions,like Grand Coordinator,Regional Commander,Military Defense Circuits,seized the core military power of Branch Regional Military Commissions gradually,which brought about the dissolution of the latter.Based on its establishment and dissolution,Branch Regional Military Commissions in Fukien illustrated the interaction among administrative organization,geographic features and institutional reform.