广东制鞋企业手工刷胶岗位化学毒物的识别和检测

Identification and testing of chemical poisons at manual brushing glue posts of shoemaking enterprises in Guangdong Province

目的对广东制鞋企业手工刷胶操作岗位进行采样检测,以识别其化学毒物的种类并检测其空气中的浓度及分析浓度变化的一般规律。方法选择广东5个制鞋企业,在各厂刷胶岗位现场用活性炭管采样,用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行定性分析,用气相色谱仪外标法进行定量分析。结果定性分析发现5个企业都有岗位检出苯系物;不同企业的岗位毒物成分差别较大;即使在同一企业,不同刷胶岗位的有机毒物种类不同,同一刷胶岗位在不同的生产日期检测到的毒物种类也会不同。对2个鞋厂共9个手工刷胶岗位进行了长时间采样的定量检测,除1个岗位乙酸乙酯浓度高达231.6 mg/m^3,所有岗位都检出了二甲苯,浓度在0.4~11.9 mg/m^3。绝大多数岗位的毒物浓度显著低于时间加权允许浓度职业卫生限值,说明防护设施的运行是有效的。另2个鞋厂共10个岗位进行了班初、班中和班末时间段的短时间采样检测,所有结果中正己烷浓度最高值为33.3 mg/m^3,甲苯浓度最高值为3.7 mg/m^3;多数岗位不同时间段的毒物浓度无明显变化。结论现场采样的定性分析表明,鞋厂刷胶操作岗位的化学毒物成分复杂易变;定量检测结果则显示毒物浓度在一个工作班内不同时间段基本维持在一个稳定的水平,只要确保防护设施有效运行,化学毒物浓度可以控制在较低水平,符合国家职业卫生标准要求。

[Objective]Through the sampling and testing at manual brushing glue posts of shoemaking enterprises in Guangdong Province,to identify the types of the chemical poisons,detect the concentrations in air,and analyze the general law of concentration change.[Methods]By using activated carbon tube,the samples were collected at the brushing glue posts of 5 shoemaking enterprises in Guangdong Province. The qualitative analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）,while the quantitative analysis was conducted with external standard method by gas chromatograph.[Results]The qualitative analysis found that the benzene series have been detected at the posts of 5 enterprises,there was obvious difference in the toxicant compositions among different enterprises,while the compositions of organic toxicants were diverse from different brushing glue posts in the same enterprise,and the toxicant species were different on different production date at the same brushing glue post.The quantitative detection with long time sampling was performed at 9 brushing glue posts of 2 enterprises. The results showed that the ethyl acetate concentration at one post reached 231.6 mg/m^3,and the xylene was found at all posts,which the concentrations were between 0.4 mg/m^3 and 11.9 mg/m^3. The time-weighted concentrations of toxicants in most posts were significantly lower than the occupational health limits,which indicated that the protective facilities were effective. The short-time sampling detection was performed in 10 brushing glue posts of other 2 enterprises at beginning of shift,during the operation and at the end of shift.The results showed that the maximum concentration of n-hexane and toluene was 33.3 mg/m^3 and 3.7 mg/m^3 respectively. The tox icant concentrations at most positions did not change significantly in different periods of shift.[Conclusion]The qualitative analysis with field sampling shows that the chemical toxicant composition at brushing glue posts of shoemaking enterprises is complex and variable. The quantitative test results show that the concentrations of toxicants at different time periods in a work shift maintain at a stable level. As long as the protection facilities run effectively,the concentrations of chemical toxicants can be controlled at a low level to meet national occupational health standards.