控制与自由:伊凡·伊利奇的工具批判思想解析

Control and Autonomy:Ivan Illich's Critical Theory of Tools

伊凡·伊里奇《愉悦的工具》一书蕴含着丰富的技术哲学思想。他从工具的分析展开对工业社会的批判,工具包括人工物和社会机构两类,其共同属性在于它们都是理性设计的产物;工具实现对人的控制、剥夺了人的自由,具体体现在机器对人的控制、学习垄断了人的教育以及医院垄断了人的健康;为了人的自由,伊里奇提出工具发展程度应处于一定的限度,不及与过度都会导致工具对人的控制。伊里奇的工具批判思想兼具人文主义技术批判和实用主义工具论的双重特征。

Ivan Illich＇ s book Tools for Conviviality contains rich ideas of philosophy of technology. The field of domestic philosophy of technology, however, has ignored him. By analyzing tools, he criticized the industrial society. Tools consist of artifacts and social institutions, whose common characteristic is that they are both products of rational design. Tools control humans and deprive them of autonomy, which mainly manifests itself as follows： Machine controls human beings, school monopolizes education, and hospital monopolizes health. For people＇ s autonomy, Illich argued that the development of tools should be limited in a certain way. His criticism of tools plays a unique role in the field Western philosophy of technology.