摘要
17世纪中叶以前的波兰曾经堪称东欧强国,其疆域和当时的俄罗斯相差无几。但是从17世纪中叶以后,波兰国家渐渐由盛转衰,趋向没落,在18世纪的最后30年,遭受数次被瓜分以至亡国的命运。波兰是在内忧外患的综合因素作用下由强变弱的,复杂的民族宗教纠纷是近代波兰遭受列强入侵的重要原因;“农奴制第二版”直接导致了近代波兰的经济落后;封建贵族专权致使波兰中央政府的衰弱和国家政治的混乱;“自由选王制”是波兰近代亡国的祸患;俄、普、奥的三次瓜分是直接导致波兰亡国的外因。
Poland was once a powerful nation in the East Europe with a territory almost as extensive as that of cotemporary Russia before the middle of the 17th century.Form then on,however ,it gradually fell into a decline.In the last 30 years of the 18th century,Poland was carved up by its neighboring powers and suffered a fate of national subjugation. The first reason for the dicline of modern Poland is the complicated national and religious disputes which caused the invasion of the strong neighbors. The second reasons is the Second Edition of the Serfdom which made the economy of Poland backward. Thirdly, the imperousness of the feudal nobles led to the weakness of the central government and political confussion of the country. Moreover, the Election of the King is one of the important scourges that caused the decline of the country. Finally, the three times carving up of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria is the external and direcl cause of the subjugation.
