唐代画直官考——兼论唐中央官署的空间布局与画直任用的关系

A Factual Verification of Huazhi Official in the Tang Dynasty:Concurrently Discussing the Relationship between Spatial Arrangement and Huazhi Appointment in Tang Central Official Institutions

画直是唐代杂色伎术类直官之一,主要职责是写貌帝后御容、绘制功臣肖像、图记人君事迹和描绘山川风土等。唐代见诸记载的任用画直的中央官署,有秘书省、开元馆、史馆和集贤院,但仅秘书省和集贤院有正式的员额编制。从现存史料看,秘书省和集贤院分设画直,当与中央诸官署的空间布局存在功能上的对应关系,二者分工明确,各自承担本辖区中央行政部门的图绘任务。在唐代,画直属于使职差遣官,以加领虚衔的方式寓俸禄、秩品阶,系职官体系中的基层官员,但在图绘领域,却为中央行政机构提供专业支持,发挥着广泛而又不可替代的作用。

Huazhi,who was in charge of portraying appearance of the queens and meritorious statesmen,describing achievements of the emperors in pictures,as well as depicting landscape customs,was one of variegated technical officials in the Tang dynasty.In Tang central organizations which had records of Huazhi appointment,include Palace Library,Kaiyuan Hall,the Historiography Institute,and the Academy of Scholarly Worthies,only Palace Library and the Academy of Scholarly Worthies had the official personnel postion.Based on the extant historical data,it is found Huazhi in Palace Library and the Academy of Scholarly Worthies had corresponding functions to the spatial arrangement of relevant central official institutions.Both of them had their own distinct duties and assumed painting tasks for the central administrative departments they belonged to.Huazhi was a servant duty who got salary and official grade in the form of a nominal title.Generally speaking,Huazhi was placed in the basic level of the entire official system,but in painting field he provided professional support for the central administrative machinery and was an indispensable role.