明清皇家旋子彩画形制分期研究

The Periodization of Xuanzi-Styled Decorations over The Ming and Qing Dynasties

旋子彩画是明清三大彩画体系之一,在官式建筑中被广泛使用。长期以来,明清旋子彩画是建筑考古领域的薄弱环节,彩画类型的断代标准皆是依据专家所传授的经验,其中难免加入个人的主观经验,与实际产生或多或少的偏差。此外,当今彩画界对明代旋子彩画的认识多局限于从永乐至嘉靖时期,而之后百年间的演变却鲜有人提及。此文运用类型学研究方法,从明清皇家旋子彩画做法上,提炼出有助于分期研究的三组共12个形制类型,结合相关文献,系统整理了29处旋子彩画的实例。通过箍头、旋眼、方心头形制的演变关系,勾勒出旋子彩画在五百余年间所经历的六个演变历程,计为:明早期稳定期、明早期转变期、明中期至清初稳定期、清早期转变期、清中期稳定期和清晚期定型期。最后,作者利用形制分期结论,并结合文献,对故宫慈宁宫及大佛堂、西顶娘娘庙旋子彩画的年代问题加以分析。

The Xuanzi-styled decoration named Xuánzǐ Cǎihuà in Chinese pinyin is among the three main types of decoration of timber members of the Ming and Qing dynasties commonly applied in the imperial constructions, but it is less studied from the angle of architectural archaeology. The criteria for dividing the designs of different periods mainly rely on senior scholars' practical and personal experience. The research has by far not gone beyond the Ming Xuanzi-styled decoration of YongleJiajing (永乐-嘉靖) period. By arts and crafts, the Ming-Qing Xuanzi-styled decoration is sorted into three sets including a total of 12 designs based on as many as 29 cases, and goes through six stages over 500 years with the evolution of the shapes and forms of Gūtóu, Xuányǎn and Fāngxīntóu----stable to turning periods in the early Ming dynasty, stable period from the middle Ming to early Qing dynasty, turning period in the early Qing dynasty, stable period over the middle Qing dynasty, style-formalized period in the late Qing dynasty. Based on what is concluded above and archives, the periodization of Xuanzi-styled decoration in several imperial halls of the Forbidden City is demonstrated in the thesis.