美学的对象与美学的重建

The Object and the Reconstruction of Aesthetics

美学重建首先面对的一个问题是美学的研究对象问题。在这一问题上,当今的中西方美学界可谓共同出现了一种"审美"转向。在美学对象问题上,如果说从古希腊至今的西方美学经历了一种从美,到(纯)审美,到艺术,再到(泛)审美的演变,那么建国以来至今的国内美学研究,则经历了一种从美与艺术到以美感经验为中心的美和艺术,再到以审美活动为主导的审美论的更为错综复杂的历程。我们的美学重建也正是以审美活动作为美学研究的对象和起点。坚持以审美活动作为美学研究的对象,可以防止那种预成论的美学观,可以使美学研究更具有包容性,也可以更好地克服美学研究上的主客分离的二元论。但美学的重建工作并不能仅靠转向审美"活动"来完成,而且还需要对"审美"概念本身进行反思和重塑,以期重构一种更具整合性的、能对各种审美活动包括自然生态审美、日常生活审美、身体审美、艺术审美等,既具有解释性,又具有批评性、构成性的美学基本理论。

The first and foremost task in the reconstruction of aesthetics is to identify the object of aesthetics. On this matter, an ＂aesthetic turn＂ has emerged in academia in both China and globally. In Western aesthetics, with ancient Greek as the point of departure, the topic transited from beauty to pure-aesthetics and then to art and pan-aesthetics, whereas in Chinese aesthetics, since 1949, the main path has been from beauty and art based on aesthetic experience to aesthetic theory based on aesthetic activity. It is from aesthetic activity that our reconstructing of aesthetics started. With the focus placed on aesthetic activity, the side effects arising both from peffomation theory and dualism could be offset, and the compatibility could increase as well. However, the transition to aesthetic activity alone is not sufficient. There is also a requirement for reflection and remodeling on the concept of aesthetics since it may facilitate a critical basic aesthetic theory providing strong explanatory powers for topics like ecologic aesthetics, the aesthetics of daily life, body aesthetics, aesthet- ics of art, etc.