钙钛矿太阳能电池中空穴传输材料的研究进展

Research Progress on Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells

人口的快速增长导致化石燃料即将消耗殆尽,人们急需寻找新型清洁的可持续能源.太阳能正是这样一种理想的能源,其利用方式之一就是太阳能电池.钙钛矿太阳能电池是一种新型的太阳能电池,其快速提升的光电转换效率引起了人们的广泛关注.其中,空穴传输材料的使用不仅增加了电池的稳定性还提高了光电转换效率,为钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展带来了新的契机.因此,研究空穴传输材料的特点和作用机理并设计合成新型高效的空穴传输材料,对进一步提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率是十分重要的.本文从钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展历程出发,简要介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的基本结构和工作原理,然后重点阐明各种空穴传输材料的性能.Spiro-OMeTAD是钙钛矿太阳能电池中最受欢迎而且最经典的空穴传输材料,被广泛地应用于各种钙钛矿太阳能电池中,得到了非常高的光电转换效率.但是,这种材料合成复杂、提纯困难、价格昂贵,这就极大地限制了大规模商业化应用的可能.因此,人们开始致力于寻找Spiro-OMeTAD的替代品.近年来,开发的空穴传输材料包括无机p型半导体、聚合物和有机小分子空穴传输材料,其中有机小分子空穴传输材料具有合成简单、价格低廉、原材料丰富等特点而展示出了强劲的发展态势.本文重点介绍了四类有机小分子空穴传输材料,包括Spiro型空穴传输材料、含三苯胺型空穴传输材料、含噻吩型空穴传输材料和其他小分子空穴传输材料.虽然上述空穴传输材料各具特色,有些空穴传输材料在某些方面还显示出了非常优越的性能,但是还没有一种空穴传输材料能在各个方面与Spiro-OMeTAD媲美.所以,空穴传输材料的研发工作还任重而道远.本文对2012至2017年间关于空穴传输材料的文献进行了系统的介绍,总结并评述了各类空穴传输材料的性能,归纳了各种空穴传输材料的优缺点,并对未来高效稳定的空穴传输材料的发展方向进行了展望.

The rapid growth of the population has led to the depletion of fossil fuels, so there is an urgent need to find new clean and sustainable sources of energy. Solar energy is one of the most suitable energy. Solar cell is the most popular method to accomplish the application of sunlight. Perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable attention because of their rapid increase power conversion efficiency. The introduction of hole transport materials （HTMs） would not only promote the stability but also increase the conversion efficiency of the battery, which provides new opportunities to develop perovskite solar cells. Up to date, the 2,2＇ 7,7＇-tetrakis（ N, N-p-dimethoxy phenylamino）-9,9＇-spirobifluorene （Spiro OMeTAD） is still the most excellent HTMs because it has produced the record PCEs. The unique Spiro structure not only ensures a high thermal stability and formation of the high-quality film but also depresses the tendency to form aggregations. However, the expensive price, complicated synthesis process, difficult purification, and other disadvantages have prohibited its large scale applications. The exploration of the alternative HTMs with comparable device performance and low cost is highly desirable in the development ofPSCs. Various HTMs have been developed including inorganic HTMs, polymer, and organic HTMs. In this work, organic HTMs are detailed discussed because of the unique advantageous, such as, abundance materials, facile synthesis, and others. However, no HTM has all superiority as compared with Spiro-OMeTAD. It is still a difficult task to develop new HTMs. Elucidation the characteristics and mechanism of the hole transport materials and is beneficial to synthesizing new and efficient hole transport materials.