关涉优质教学的十个基本命题——兼论张楚廷教学理论的人本性与实践性

Ten Fundamental Propositions Concerning High Quality Teaching

张楚廷教授是我国著名的教育家。遵循他所主张的一些先进教学思想有利于实现优质教学:将"培养大写的人"作为教学的核心目的,达到"形而上"是大学教学应有的追求,利用"自反性"帮助学生更好地发展自己,提倡"自以为是"有助于改善思维品质,多用"或然性命题"能够拓展思维空间,为了获得真正的学问就要"学会提问",为了更好地走向创造必须"尊重直觉","会讲故事"才能激发兴趣,"站着讲课"是为了尽情流淌思想,实践"五I"是为了成全"I"(人、我)。张楚廷在教学等活动中充分实施了他的教学理论,从而在积极意义上影响了无数的学子与听众。

Professor Zhang Chuting is a famous educator in China. He was born in Indonesia in 1937 and graduated from Hunan Normal University in 1959. He was the President and/or Party Secretary of Hunan Normal University for 18 years. He was the President of Hunan International Economics University, a private university for 12 years. He worked in education for 50 years, offering 25 courses;with 121 works(more than 90 of them are monographs). He also published 1346 papers, 1208 poems and made more than 650 academic lectures all over the country.Profesor Zhang published many works, including Mathematics Education Psychology, The Teaching Principles, One Hundred Topics on Detailed University Teaching Principles, University Teaching Theory,Teaching Methodology, Elaborate exposition of Five-I's Teaching, and so on. In his book, Teaching Methodology, Published in 1999, he summed up the teaching principles of analysis and synthesis,induction and deduction, speculation and argument, intuition and logic, image and abstract, commonness and individuality, perceptual and rational, precision and fuzziness, theoretical assumption and empirical test, order and chaos, how and why, respect and blind conformity, testing students and testing teachers themselves, individual and whole, explicitness and implicitness, faith and doubt, pros and cons,following 51 kinds of relationship and categories and presenting the complexity of teaching. In his book University Teaching Theory, published in 2002, Profesor Zhang put forward his six teaching principles,such as seeking for comprehensive knowledge structure, mainly talking about the thinking approaches,strengthening the students' participation, studying combined with the research, guiding choosing freely,laying stress on mental harmonious development of university teaching in terms of critical inheritance and development of curriculum theories deriving from foreign scholars such as Karav, Bloom, Bruner and domestic scholars such as Pan Maoyuan, Wang Weilian, Li Dingren. These principles system fully consider the difference between university teaching and primary and middle school teaching, which reflects the uniqueness of university teaching. In addition, Profesor Zhang Chuting also published some important papers about teaching, such as Teaching Method and Teaching Philosophy, Re-discussion on Relationship between Teaching and Scientific Research, Discovering Learning and Teaching, Metalearning Concept and Its Significance in Teaching Theory.The teaching theory he founded or the pedagogical thought he advocated has advanced nature,which is embodied in human nature and practicality. His teaching theory is geared to the needs of high quality teaching; applying the following ten aspects, Professor Zhang Chuting advocated teaching ideas to achieve high quality teaching: the 'cultivating the great human nature' as the core of the teaching purpose, reaching the 'metaphysical' as the level of the university teaching should have, stimulating'reflexivity' to help students achieve better development, encouraging confidence to improve their psychological quality, expanding the thinking space by using multi-purpose probability propositions ',obtaining the real learning by 'learning to ask questions', harvesting freedom and creation by respecting intuitions, telling stories to stimulate students interests, standing to deliver lectures is to let passion and thought flow, practicing five-I's teaching(Information, Interest, Inquiry, Intuition, Intelligence)is to perfect 'I'.As both the concept of curriculum and the concept of teaching, the concept of 'five-I's curriculum'established by Professor Zhang is a high concentration and generalization of a lot of his pedagogical ideas, which has rich philosophical connotations. The Humanistic nature and practicality is well beyond the principles of Taylor's principle and the Four-R's courses created by Doll. Professor Zhang has fully implemented his teaching theory in teaching and speech activities, thus influencing countless students and audiences in a positive sense.