非生物胁迫下作物磷素利用研究进展

Progress in crop phosphorus utilization under abiotic stresses

磷对作物生长发育和抗逆性有重要作用。非生物胁迫常严重影响作物对磷的吸收、利用和转运,使作物生长代谢减缓,产量降低。在作物磷肥过量施用和抗逆品种选择的综合背景下,本文对干旱、盐碱和低温这三种非生物胁迫下作物磷素养分特征及生理响应机制进行了分析,并对磷素养分效率进行了总结评价。非生物胁迫不仅直接损伤作物根系,还降低了土壤中无机磷素的可移动性和有效性,导致作物生理性缺磷。施磷可有效减轻非生物胁迫对作物的伤害,促进作物对水分和养分的吸收,并在一定程度上提高作物抗逆性。此外,不同作物种类或同一作物不同基因型对胁迫条件及磷素养分的响应存在显著差异,只有抗逆和磷高效相结合才是提高非生物胁迫下作物磷素利用的最优途径。本文对未来非生物胁迫下作物磷素利用的研究方向提出了以下展望和建议:土壤根际磷素有效性的影响因素及改善途径、最适磷肥施用量的确定、抗逆及磷高效利用作物基因资源的发掘与鉴定。

Phosphorus （P） is important to crop development and stress resistance. Abiotic stresses can seriously affect P absorption, utilization and translocation in crops, and then plant metabolism and grain yield. Considering excessive P application and stress resistant breeding of crops, we summarized the P characteristics and physiological mechanisms in crops under three kinds of abiotic stresses： drought, salinity and low temperature. The P efficiencies of crops were also discussed. Abiotic stresses not only damage the root development and function directly, but also seriously reduce the mobilization and availability of inorganic phosphate in soil, leading to physiological P deficiency of crops. Phosphorus application can effectively relieve the damage from the abiotic stresses, promote water and nutrient uptake, and then partly enhance the tolerance of crops to the stresses. Moreover, there are significant differences between crop species or genotypes in responding to P applications and abiotic stresses. It would be better to combine the stress tolerance with high P efficiency in improving P utilization under abiotic stress conditions. Further research on crop P responses under abiotic stress should pay attention to P availability in rhizosphere in soil, optimal P application and screening of crop gene resources of high stress resistance and P efficiency.