论唐儒孔颖达的本体论与体用观

On Kong Yingda's Ontology and the Substance-function View

中国传统哲学和美学中不乏"本体论"思想和观点,如老庄、《周易》等开启的道论、气论、太极论、阴阳论、天理论等均关乎此。而唐代大儒孔颖达的有关阐释则巩固和加强了中国传统的本体论。孔颖达在其经典文本《五经正义》中,对先秦以来的"道"、"气"、"有"、"无"、"体"、"用"等本体性范畴熔铸创新,建构了自己颇具辩证圆融特色的本体论思想和哲学体用观。如其秉承道家之说,把宇宙万物的生机、生命之生成转化规律视为本体之"道",以"道"为万事万物的本体、宇宙创化的根本动力。又如其吸取《易传》之精义,发挥"一阴一阳之谓道"的理念,视宇宙本体之"道"为"阴阳互动"之"道",并以之统摄天、地、人三道,诠释出一个无限而有机的宇宙生命系统。孔颖达还引道入儒,将自然本体之道转化为伦理教化之道,天道自然与主体心性在此相与为一,天之道与人之道不再断为两橛,等等。在哲学体用观方面,孔颖达亦汲取秦汉以降各家学说,既论体用相待之义,又证体用不二之理,并自觉地将抽象的体用哲学思辨引渡到社会政治和伦理秩序的治理上来,颇具人文关怀的价值和意义。孔颖达一系列本体论阐述可视为兼容儒、道诸家本体性运思的产物,一方面反映出初唐学者海纳百川、推陈出新的视野、心胸和能力,另一方面又可见出唐代文化哲学勾连汉宋的桥梁、枢纽意义,具有不可忽视的理论价值。

There are no lack of ontological ideas in Chinese traditional philosophy and aesthetics,such as Taoism,Qi,Taiji,yin-yang,theories of nature ＇s law that were founded by Laozi,Zhuangzi and Zhou Yi. However,the interpretation of the great Confucian of the Tang Dynasty,Kong Yingda,further developed Chinese traditional ontology. In his classic text,Wu Jing Zheng Yi,he has made an integrated innovation on the ontological ideas like Tao,qi,you（ existence）,wu（ nothingness）,ti（ substance） and yong（ fuction）,and created his own ontological theory and a philosophical system which was of dialectical integration. For instance,he inherited Taoist theory,regarded the vitality of the universe and the law of the formation of life as the essence of ontology,considered Tao consisting of everything as the fundamental driving force of the universe. Also,absorbing the core ideas of Yi Zhuan,he elucidated the idea that ＂antagonism and transformation of contradiction are the natural law＂and regarded the Tao of cosmic ontology as an interaction of yin and yang. He suggested a unification of ＂Three Tao,＂i. e.,Tiantao,titao,rentao,and an infinite and organic universe of life system. In the philosophical aspect of the substance-function view,Kong Yingda also learned from various theories passed down from the Qin and Han dynasties,and explored into a metaphysical abstraction that also had philosophical significance for social politics and ethical order. A series of ontological theory of Kong Yingda can be regarded as a compatible product of Confucianism,Taoist and other schools：on the one hand,it reflected a tolerable and innovative vision of the scholars in the early Tang Dynasty,and on the other hand,it acted as a bridge to connect the cultural philosophy of Tang Dynasty with that of Han Dynasty and Song Dynasty.