近代中国史上“文艺复兴”之梦的意涵

The Significance of “Enlightenment” Dream in the History of Modern China

近代中国的启蒙运动包含对理性的信心和怀疑双重的关怀。晚清时期的知识分子,用"文学复兴"这一词语来构筑中国特有的启蒙话语。他们把政教一元的观念转变为近代形态的同时,将日本福泽谕吉在1870年前后的启蒙话语以及1879年之后的现代化话语作为参考框架,对中国的国家及学术所展开的启蒙运动提供了可靠的合法性。这个趋势,到了1920年梁启超发表《清代学术概论》之后,发生了革命性的变化。梁启超围绕"文艺复兴"之梦的解释模式,奠定了"中华性"或"中国性"的文化身份认同。这种文化身份认同的确立将会给后代的思想环境提供创建近代民族国家的理据,与此同时,也带来了启蒙理性的另一种含义,即权力框架与话语霸权。然而,在晚清民初中西文化交往的特殊背景下,近代中国知识分子对启蒙理性保持信仰的同时,不得不承担批判启蒙理性的责任。所以,梁启超模式奠定中国文化身份认同之后,反思这一模式的探索就开始了。从1920年以降的思想里,我们可以看到对"文艺复兴"之梦的一系列的解构过程。胡适、徐志摩、蒙文通的论述乃是代表这一解构过程的思想挑战:他们分别对理性的历史、理性的权力、理性的话语提出了严肃的质疑,他们所做的这些思想探求正在构成中国近现代思想史的主旋律。

There is both confidence in and skepticism about reason during the Enlightenment movement in modern China.The intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty formed Enlightenment discourse with Chinese characteristics by using the terms of'literary renaissance'.While changing the notion of the monism of politics and religion into its modern form,they referred to Fukuzawa Yukichi's enlightenment discourse around 1870 and his modernization discourse after 1879.This provided solid legitimacy to the Enlightenment movement at national and academic levels.This tendency radically changed when LIANG Qi-chao issued his Short Academic History of the Qing Dynasty.LIANG's interpretive model of'renaissance'dream provided a theoretical foundation for the cultural identity of 'Chineseness'and consequently the establishment of a modern state. Meanwhile,it bestowed Enlightenment reason with power frame and discourse hegemony. However,in the special context of Sino-Western cultural exchange in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,modern Chinese intellectuals had to criticize Enlightenment reason when they had confidence in it. Therefore,reflection has been started as soon as LIANG's model of Chinese cultural identity was established. The intellectual history after 1920 witnessed continuous deconstruction of 'renaissance'dream in HU Shi,XU Zhi-mo,MENG Wen-tong and others. Respectively,they criticized the history,power and discourses of reason in a serious way,which little by little constituted the mainstream of the intellectual history in modern China.