转让定价与企业国际避税问题研究——来自中国商品出口贸易的实证检验

Research on Transfer Pricing and International Tax Avoidance of Chinese Enterprises:An Empirical Test on Commodity Export Trade

跨国企业通过转让定价的方式来进行利润转移和国际避税,在发达国家已经引起了广泛关注;近年来,我国企业的对外直接投资规模不断扩大,但伴随而来的企业国际避税问题却没有引起足够重视。文章借鉴Bernard等(2006)的模型,考虑到我国反避税制度的具体规定,将出口量和税率差一并纳入价格差的决定方程,对其加以拓展,从而在理论上说明中国对外投资企业通过转让定价方式开展国际避税的存在性、异质性和反避税效果,并利用2000-2006年中国海关出口数据,运用三重差分法加以实证检验。研究表明:(1)我国对外投资企业的出口贸易中存在通过转让定价避税的行为,且出口目的国与我国的税率差越大,转让价格偏离公平交易的价格幅度也就越大。(2)企业的避税程度因企业所有制性质和行业的差异而有所不同,内资企业相对于外资企业避税更加严重,资本密集型行业相对于劳动密集型行业更为严重。(3)税收协定作为针对转让定价的反避税制度,所起到的作用还相当有限。文章从避税动机的角度为我们理解当前我国企业的"走出去"行为提供了一种思路,也为我国当前反避税制度的建设提供了启示。

Multinational enterprises that shift profits and thus conduct international tax avoidance through transfer pricing mode have aroused widespread concern in developed countries.In recent years,China continues to expand foreign direct investment scales,but accompanying phenomenon of international tax avoidance has not aroused enough attention.According to the model established by Bernard et al.（2006）,and considering the specific provisions of Chinese anti avoidance system,this paper puts export amount and tax rate difference into the decision equation of price differences,so that it can theoretically explain the existence and heterogeneity of international tax avoidance in Chinese foreign investment enterprises through transfer pricing and anti avoidance effect.Then it uses Chinese customs export data from 2000 to 2006and DDD method to conduct an empirical test.It comes to the results as follows：firstly,Chinese foreign investment enterprises use transfer pricing to do tax avoidance in the export trade,and the greater tax differences between destination countries and China lead to deeper degree of differences of transferred prices deviating from prices of fair trade;secondly,the level of tax avoidance varies with enterprise ownership and industries to some extent,namely tax avoidance of domestic enterprises and capital intensive industries are more serious than foreign enterprises and labor intensive industries respectively;thirdly,tax treaty plays a very limited role in anti tax avoidance focusing on transfer pricing.This paper provides a way of thinking to help us to understand current＂going-out＂behavior of Chinese enterprises from a perspective of tax avoidance motivation and also a reference for current Chinese anti tax avoidance system.