俄罗斯大学通识教育的探索与实践——基于圣彼得堡国立大学经验的分析

Exploration and Practice of General Education in Russian Universities——Based on the Analysis of the Experience of Saint Petersburg State University

加强通识教育是当今俄罗斯高等教育改革的重要趋势。圣彼得堡国立大学利用自身优势,基于通识教育原则成立了自由艺术与科学学院,在课程、学习路径、教学方法设计等方面进行了一系列有益尝试,建立了公共必修课、分布必修课和通识选修课课程体系,探索出有特色的通识教育模式。尽管圣彼得堡国立大学的通识教育模式在一定程度上有利于提高利益相关者满意度,增加跻身世界一流大学的"砝码",复兴人文教育传统,但同时也面临诸如教学计划与国家教育标准相分离、学术咨询有效性不高、资金投入压力大等一系列问题。

Enhancing general education has been an important tendency in the process of higher education reform in today＇ s Russia. For example, Saint Petersburg State University has established the Liberal Arts and Science College with its preponderance and based on the general education principles. They have made efforts on setting curriculums, identifying learning pathways, designing teaching methods and above all, exploring distinctive mode for general education. All of these have proved to be effective to increase stakeholders＇ satisfaction, rank amongst world＇s best universities and renaissance in traditional humanistic education. However, some problems still remain, such as deviations from teaching program and national education standards, academic consulting inefficiency as well as investment pressure.