美国职业教育现代化的奠基时期:1862—1917年

The Foundation of the Modernization of American Vocational Education:1862-1917

从南北战争至20世纪初,工业化快速发展对美国传统的职业教育提出了严峻挑战,美国职业教育在传统与变革的冲突及融合中开始了艰难的转变。在半个多世纪里,由于创办了赠地学院,开展了手工训练运动与职业教育运动,美国的职业教育从游离于正规学校教育之外到逐渐取得合法地位,职业教育与普通教育从二元对立逐渐走向有机结合,联邦政府从放任职业教育发展到逐步对其进行方向引导与制度保障,为美国职业教育的现代化奠定了坚实基础。

From the Civil War to the beginning of the 20 th century, the rapid development of industrialization posed a serious challenge to the traditional vocational education in the United States. American vocational education began a difficult transformation in the conflict and fusion of tradition and change. In the past half a century, due to the establishment of the land grant colleges and the carrying out of a manual training campaign and vocational education movement, the American vocational education has gradually got its legal status as formal school education, and vocational education and general education has gone gradually from the binary opposition to the organic combination.The federal government has gradually provided the direction guidance and system guarantee for the vocational education from the laissez-faire development. As a result, it has laid a solid foundation for the modernization of American vocational education.