论监护在婚姻家庭制度中的地位及立法完善——以民法典的编纂和《民法总则》为背景

On the Status of Guardianship in Marriage and Family Institutions and Legislation Improvement——in the Background of Civil Code Compilation and General Provisions of Civil

监护制度是一项古老且又极具生命力的制度。罗马法、法国民法典、德国民法典、意大利民法典、我国民国民法典中都规定有监护制度。在民事立法中,多数将其规定在婚姻家庭制度中,也有的将其规定在民事主体制度中。我国《民法通则》在民事主体的自然人中规定了监护制度,新近颁布的《民法总则》继承了这种做法。在我国民法典的编纂中,监护制度应当而且完全可以容纳亲权制度。在新的历史条件下,我国监护制度尚存在被监护人未被完全覆盖、监护人缺位、监护人顺序仅由法律直接规定和缺少监护监督等不足,应当坚持统一监护的立法体例,从科学规定监护人的资格和条件、厘定监护制度的类型、增加禁治产制度和建立监护监督机制等方面完善我国监护制度。

Guardianship system is an ancient and vital system. Rome law,German civil code,Italian civil code,Chinese civil code are all conclude guardianship system. It is mostly regulated in the marriage and family institution of civil law,but it is also regulated in institutions civil subject institutions. Guardianship system is regulated in chapter two natural person of Chinese General Principles of the Civil Law. General Provisions of Civil Law that is issued recently inherit this legislation mode. In civil code compilation,guardian system should and totally can accommodate parental right system. In the new historical conditions,Chinese guardianship system has some deficiencies,such as not all pupillus being under guardianship,the omission of guardian,the guardian order only being directly regulated by law and being short of supervision over guardianship. We should insist on legislation style of guardianship unification and refine Chinese guardianship system in these aspect： scientifically regulating the qualification and condition; collating and stipulating the types of it; adding interdiction institution and establishing supervision system over guardianship.