曼陀罗体系:古代东南亚的地区秩序研究

Mandalic System:Study on the Regional Order of Ancient Southeast Asia

在古代东亚世界,朝贡体系并非是唯一的地区体系,东南亚地区内部存在一个独立的曼陀罗体系。东南亚的世界秩序观受到印度教-佛教文化的影响和印度政治哲学的教诲。单一的曼陀罗体系内部可以分为三个不同层次,分别是核心圈、控制圈和朝贡圈。不同的层次之间有着不同的互动形式,战争主要发生在不同的曼陀罗中心以及中心和朝贡圈之间。曼陀罗体系有三个典型特征:中心的特殊性、变化性和多元性、普遍存在的双重或多重朝贡事实以及体系内部不同圈层的流动性。无论从观念还是从结构上看,曼陀罗体系都不是朝贡体系的附庸,也不能简单看作是朝贡体系的一部分,但由于这两种体系采取共同的朝贡形式、中国被视为一个可接受的曼陀罗中心以及两种地区秩序理念的互补性这三个因素,朝贡体系与曼陀罗体系在一定程度上实现了和谐共生。

In the ancient East Asia, the Tributary system is not the only regional system, and there is an independent Mandalic system in Southeast Asia. The concept of world order of the Mandalic system is influ-enced by Hinduism-Buddhist culture and the political philosophy of India. The Mandalic system can be di-vided into three layers, the core circle, control circle and tributary circle. There are different patterns of in-teraction in different circles, and the war mainly occurs between different cores of Mandalic system and be-tween the core and tributary circle. Three typical characteristics of the Mandalic system are： the particulari-ty ,variability and diversity of the core, the prevalence of double or multiple tributary relations and the mobility of circles within the system. The Mandalic system is neither subject to, nor a part of the Tributary system. However, for the fact that the two systems have employed a common form to pay tribute, China is regarded as a Mandala core, and the regional order concepts of the two systems complement each other. The two systems, to a certain extent, coexist harmoniously.