“山中”的六朝史

History of the Six Dynasties“in Mountains”

六朝时期,山岳文化景观发生了转折性的变化。3世纪初,江南山岳的文化景观主要是湘山、九疑、会稽等山的虞舜、大禹遗迹,以及大大小小并不知名的山神祭祀。6世纪末,这些祭祀景观仍然存在,也出现了新的祭祀内容(如国山碑),但最引人注目的显然已经是林立于山中的寺院和道馆,以及与后者有关的山中神仙洞府体系。与此同时,山中寺馆的兴起,使得"山中"成为一种特殊文化场所,类型多样的山林文献记述也开始出现并大量积累,并影响到中古类书的知识分类。宗教信仰与政治权力两种力量共同塑造了这种景观差异和文化变动,前者是道教、佛教向山林开拓的结果,后者则是以建康为中心的新政治地理格局的影响。在这两种力量的共同作用下,"山中"呈现出独特的文化面貌和地理格局,并成为与六朝历史关系密切的内容。

The cultural landscape in mountainous areas had taken dramatic changes in the Six Dynasties.At the beginning of the third century,major mountainous cultural landscapes in south of the Yangtze river included the worship of Yushun and Dayu in Mountains like Xiang,Jiuyi,Kuaiji as well as sacrifices for numerous little-known mountain deities.At the end of the sixth century,along with existence of the traditional worship,some new sacrificial contents such as the'Stele to Mount Guo'had emerged,but the most remarkable phenomenon among them was the mountain temples and abbeys built in large number together with the relevant system of transcendental cavern abodes setting up in certain areas.In the meantime of the upsurge of building mountain temples,'in mountains'has become a particular cultural site while various types of narratives concerning mountains have been accumulated and thus affected the knowledge classification of the encyclopaedias in medieval China.Religious beliefs combining political power have been shaping such landscape differentiations and cultural variations.Both Buddhism and Daoism have been expanding their practices into mountains resulted in the landscape differentiations while the latter could be attributed to the new political geography centering on Jiankang.This joint influence brought about the characteristic cultural and geographical manifestations of the 'in mountains'which was closely related to the history of the Six Dynasties.