北朝佛寺木塔的比较研究

A Comparative Study of the Wooden Pagodas of the Northern Dynasties

塔作为一种建筑形式,起源于印度的"窣堵坡",是佛教高僧埋藏舍利、遗骨、遗物的建筑。中国古代和东亚地区的佛塔与佛教的传入有关,是印度"窣堵坡"与中国木构重楼结合的产物。由于年代久远,早期的楼阁或木塔已没有实物保存,人们仅能在考古出土的汉代明器陶楼与墓室和石刻壁画资料中对其面貌有所了解,此外是对考古发掘的佛塔遗址的复原研究。本文通过对5-6世纪北魏平城思远寺、龙城思燕寺、洛阳城永宁寺和东魏北齐邺城赵彭城佛寺塔基的比较研究,探讨了这个时期佛寺木塔建筑形制结构的异同特点和发展变化,为研究这个时期佛教建筑的发展演变提供了极为重要的实物资料。

Pagoda, as an architectural type, originated in the Indian ＂stupa,＂ in which sarira, remains and relics of the celebrated Buddhist monks were buried. The Buddhist pagodas in early China and across East Asia were influenced by Buddhism, which were created out of the integration of the Chinese multi-storied wooden architecture and the Indian ＂stupa.＂ The earliest multi-storied wooden architectures and pagodas have ground into dust, which were only record in pottery pavilions of the Han Dynasty, murals and stone sculptures in burials, as well as unearthed Buddhist pagodas. This article compares pagoda foundations unearthed at four sites, which include the Siyuan Monastery in Pingcheng （today＇ s Datong）, the Siyan Monastery in Longcheng （today＇ s Chaoyang）, the Yongning Temple in Luoyang and the Buddhist monastery at Zhaopengcheng in the southern Ye City Site （today＇ s Linzhang）. Based on a comparative study, the author discusses characteristics, similarities, differences and diachronic changes of Buddhist wooden pagodas in the Northern Dynasties. This article provides important data on Buddhist architectures in the Northern Dynasties.