广船的考古空白、研究误区与历史上的形态

Archaeological Blank,Research Misunderstanding and Historical Form of Guang Chuan

中国古代帆船的船型基本上可以归纳为沙船、浙船、福船和广船四种,前三者在考古发掘中已有发现,但是广州做为长期与外国接触的港口,广船反而在考古发现中呈现空白。自1980年代开始,随着东南亚水下考古活动的不断发展,在分析沉船身份时形成了东南亚沉船的定义,其中包括以木钉作为"南中国海传统"船型的判断依据,据此几乎所有的东南亚海域发现的沉船都被定义为东南亚船或阿拉伯/印度船,并认为中国帆船迟至明代以后才在东南亚出现。但是从中国古代文献记录显示,舷外浮材、缝合船板造船法、木钉拼合造船法也为中国南方船型即广船所使用。本论文通过文献梳理,了解广船的形态,指出目前的研究误区,并希望考古工作能够证实广船的存在。

There are four main types of traditional Chinese junk, the Jiangsu type, the Zhejiang type, the Fujian type and the Guangdong type. They are all from the provinces that the ancient Ship Superintendent Offices located, with Guangzhou as the longest serving seaport in Chinese history. The former three types of ships have been confirmed by archaeological excava- tion, but no Guangdong type is identified. In Southeast Asia, the shipwrecks which used the wood dowels to join the edges of planks were classified as South China Sea Tradition ships. But, according to Chinese records, outriggers, sewing of planks and using of wood dowels to join planks are some of the characteristics of Guangdong ships. Therefore, it is not conclusive to say that shipwrecks with wood dowels and plank sewing are not Chinese ships.