中世纪政治思想史上的有机体隐喻:修辞范式及其精神内核

Body Metaphor in the History of Medieval Political Thought:Rhetoric Paradigm and Its Spiritual Core

有机体隐喻是常见于西欧中世纪政治著作的一种重要修辞范式,古典哲学、基督教神学、中世纪医学可能共同充当了隐喻的灵感源泉。在隐喻中,政治共同体被视作人或动物的身体,思想家借助肢体分工和有机体的天然特点,如现世性、整体性、多元性,来诠释其关于共同体构建的相应理论。萨尔兹伯里的约翰、帕多瓦的马西留、皮桑是运用该隐喻的代表人物,来自不同时代、地域的三位学者巧用同一种隐喻,围绕王权、教权和共同体扩展等主题各陈己见,既反映了中世纪政治思想的延续性,又体现了历史语境和时代思潮的嬗变。总体上,有机体隐喻推动了王权神授、世界帝国理念的解体,有利于中产阶级、女性的参政以及世俗国家、共和政体等现代政治思想的发展。

As a rhetoric paradigm in European medieval political works, body metaphor had drawn inspirations from classical philosophy, Christian theology and medieval medical science. Considering political community as organic body in metaphor, ideologists conveyed community theories by analogy with body＇s corporal features like secularism, holism and pluralism. John of Salisbury, Marsilius of Padua and Christine de Pizan were representative figures in the metaphor development, in spite of various backgrounds, they utilized this same rhetoric paradigm to state interpretations on some coherent themes including kingship, papalism and extension of community. By comparing their writings, not only the continuity of political thoughts, but the evolution of historical context and ideological trend will be apprehended. In general, body metaphor weakened divine fight of monarchy and medieval world-empire conception, promoted bourgeois and women＇s participation in politics, and indicated modern ideologies such as secular state and republican government.