“言语”文化兴起与清末社会之变——以口语传播为中心的思考

The Rise of Language Culture and the Social Change in Late Qing—— Take Oral Communication as Center

清末言语文化之兴不仅以其崭新的内容传达了社会思想文化领域的变迁音讯,还以其自身形式之衍化,透露了社会根本变革的信息。民众接受的自主、传受主体之间良好互动的形成,昭示着平等意识的萌生。新式讲演对圣谕宣讲旧有仪规的摒弃,口语传播主体讲员身份的"下移",尤其是职业化趋势,预示着传统社会结构的变迁。茶馆、戏院、公园作为公共场域的公开性、开放性与参与性,突破了传统因人群而受教的局限,实现了"市民社会"的整合。面对面直接交流所隐含的传播主体与受众交往关系的密切,意味着以公共场域为纽带的相较平等社会关系的建立成为可能。清末新式讲演不仅通过民主、自由、爱国等观念的传输,而且以其富有象征意义的传播形式打破传统伦理的桎梏,引导人们走出专制的囚锁,实现思想上质的转变和升跃。

The rise of language culture in late Qing Dynasty not only conveys the changes in the field of social thought and culture with new content, but also reveals the information of the fundamental changes of the society in their own derivative forms. The formation of autonomy and well interaction between themain bodies of the communicators and recipients which is accepted by people, declaring the initiation of equality consciousness; the new lectures discard the old ritual of the decree preach, the descend of the identity of the main oral communication speakers, especially the trend of professionalization, indicatesthe disintegration of traditional social structure; the publicity, openness and participation of the public sphere such as teahouses, theatres and parks, breaksthe traditional teaching limitation used to be caused by the crowd, and achievesthe integration of civil society. The close of the associational relationship between the main communicators and the audiences, which is implied by the directly face-to-face communication means that it is possible to found acomparatively equal social relationship basing on the public sphere as a ligament. The new lectures in late Qing Dynasty not Only contribute to the transmission of ideas such as democracy, freedom and patriotism, but alsobreak the shackles of feudal ethics because this media form is full of symbolic meaning, which will guide people walk out of the jail of autocratic to achieve the ideological qualitative change and sublimation.