梵净山世界自然遗产提名地裸子植物区系与地理分布分析

Flora and geographical distribution of gymnosperms at Fanjingshan,nominated World Heritage Site

通过野外实地考察和文献分析,研究了梵净山世界自然遗产提名地裸子植物区系与地理分布及种系分化特征。结果表明:提名地有裸子植物7科20属36种,是中国乃至世界裸子植物区系的关键组成,是贵州裸子植物分布的核心,北温带区系起源的松科(Pinaceae Lindl.)和东亚区系起源的三尖杉科(Cephalotaxaceae Neger)植物在区系构成中起关键作用。物种分布随海拔升高先增后减。区系具有明显的温带性质,区系起源早于中生代白垩纪,中国特有属丰富,是东亚裸子植物区系的原始和现代分布中心之一;区系成分随海拔升高热带成分减少,而温带和中国特有成分增加;按裸子植物分布区亚型的分类,裸子植物亚热带性质强,具有亚热带向温带的过渡性。属的区系分化强度低反映了寡种属多,区系的古老和残遗性强,科的区系分化强度高反映了区系分化能力强;种系分化强度由高海拔向低海拔递减。有各类珍稀濒危裸子植物27种,珍稀濒危程度高;有地方特有梵净山冷杉(Abies fanjingshanensis W.L.Huang.),新区域特有大明松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata var.damingshanensis Cheng et L.K.Fu),西北缘分布的模式标本植物长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata Cheng),有中国特有裸子植物28种,特有率高且独特。通过讨论,提名地是世界裸子植物物种多样性最丰富的山地,是东亚成分三尖杉科和北温带成分杉科(Taxodiaceae Warming)的现代分布中心;是亚热带裸子植物区系的典型范例,特有区系成分高,位于裸子植物东亚起源和分化的核心位置;拥有最为丰富的中国特有种,植物珍稀濒危程度高。这与提名地独特的地理位置、独立的山体和古老的地质历史密切相关。

Based on field investigation and literature analysis,we studied the flora,the geographical distribution and the germline differentiation of gymnosperms at Fanjingshan,nominated World Heritage Site. The results show that,there are 36 species of gymnosperms in the area,belonging to 7 families,20 genera,which is an important part of the gymnospermous flora in China and in the world,and is the core area of gymnosperm distribution in Guizhou.Pinaceae Lindl. originated from the north temperate flora and Cephalotaxaceae Neger originated form the East Asia flora have played an important role in the floristic composition. The distribution of species increases and then decreases along with the increase of altitude. The gymnospermous flora of Fanjingshan has originated before Mesozoic Cretaceous period,has obvious temperate characteristics and plentiful genera endemic to China,therefore is one of the modern distribution centers of gymnospermous flora in East Asia. Along with the increase of altitude,the tropical elements in the flora decreases,while the temperate element and endemic element increase. According to the classification of the distribution sub-area,gymnosperms of Fanjingshan has strong subtropical nature,showing transition from subtropical nature to temperate nature.The low flora differentiation intensity of genera indicates rich genera with few species,and that the flora is ancient and relict.The high flora differentiation intensity of families indicates strong flora differentiation ability.The flora differentiation intensity of species decreases with the decrease of altitude.There are 27 rare and endangered gymnosperm species and 28 species endemic to China at Fanjingshan,including Abies fanjingshanensis W.L.Huang（ ancient species endemic to Fanjingshan）,Pinus taiwanenssis Hayata var.damingshanensis Cheng et L.K.Fu（ modern species endemic to Fanjingshan）,and Tsuga longibracteata Cheng（ type species distributed in the northwestern area）.The discussion result show that Fanjingshan is the mountain with the richest species diversity of gymnosperms in the world,is the modern distribution center of East Asian element Cephalotaxaceae and north temperate element Taxodiaceae Warming,is the outstanding case of subtropical gymnospermous flora that owns rich endemic elements,is the core area of the origin and differentiation of gymnosperms in East Asia,and has the richest rare and endangered species endemic to China.All of these are closely related to the unique geographical location,isolated mountain and ancient geological history of Fanjingshan.