《格萨尔》史诗的当代传承及其文化表现形式的多样性

Contemporary Transmission and Diversity of Cultural Expression:A General Survey of Epic Gesar

在当代语境下,传唱千年的《格萨尔》史诗及其传承正在发生着各种各样的变化。除了民间艺人的口头说唱和各种版本的书面文本并存外,还有格萨尔藏戏、格萨尔唐卡、格萨尔音乐、格萨尔石刻、格萨尔"朵日玛"、格萨尔漫画、格萨尔彩塑酥油花等等。在藏族民间,《格萨尔》史诗的传播几乎影响了各种艺术门类。本文试图对《格萨尔》史诗的当代传承及其文化表现形式的多样性特征进行探讨和分析。从口头传说到书面文本再到传承形式的多样化,这不仅是选择、判断和再创造民族民间文化资源的结果,也传承了史诗蕴含的民间文化精神。当代语境下的史诗传承,也伴生着一种文化焦虑。现代性往往导致对经典的疏离和迷失,所以在纷繁复杂的形式与内容之间淘洗锤炼、重铸经典,已经成为史诗研究面临的新课题。

In contemporary context,the transmission of the time-honored epic Gesar is changing in various forms. Besides the storytelling art performed by folk artists and different versions of written texts ,it also embodies of Gesar Tibetan opera, Gesar thangka, Gesar music, Gesar stone carvings, Gesar gtor-ma, Gesar comics, Gesar paint- ed butter sculpture, etc. Almost all kinds of Tibetan folk arts are influenced by epic Gesar. The present paper tries to analyze the epic Gesar＇s contemporary transmission and its diverse characteristics of cultural expression. From oral performance to written texts, and to the diversification of transmission forms ,which is not only the result of the selection ,judgment and recreation based on folk cultural resources ,but also the transmission of folk cultural ideol- ogy contained in the epic. The transmission of epic produced a kind of anxiety towards the epic culture in con- temporary context. Modernity often leads to alienation from,and a lost of,the classics. Therefore,how to elutriate and recast the classics in various complicated forms and contents is a new subject of studies in epic transmission.