山东济宁采煤塌陷区新生湿地鸟类群落及多样性研究

The Avian Community Structure and Diversity on Newly Created Wetlands in a Coal Mining Subsidence Area

山东济宁采煤导致地表塌陷积水,形成大面积新生湿地。在由农田转变为新生湿地后,处于不同塌陷时期的新生湿地,生物多样性发生明显变化。本文对山东邹城鲍店煤矿6个不同塌陷时间的采煤塌陷新生湿地和临近区域的非塌陷区(对照区)鸟类种类、数量、多样性进行了调查和比较研究。共记录鸟类105种,隶属15目39科,其中留鸟29种,旅鸟45种,冬候鸟5种,夏候鸟26种。研究区域新生湿地鸟类数量、多样性均显著高于对照区,表明采煤塌陷区新生湿地已经成为鸟类(尤其是湿地鸟类)重要的栖息地。分析结果表明,非塌陷区(以农田为主)鸟类以食虫鸟为主;塌陷区生境结构复杂,鸟类以肉食性鸟类和食虫鸟为主,处于不同塌陷时期的新生湿地,其鸟类功能群变化明显。地表塌陷后,由农田向新生湿地发育变化过程中,生境多样性和异质性的增加使得生物多样性大大提升。

A large area of new wetlands formed due to surface subsidence and watedogging in many coal mining areas in Jining City, Shandong Province. In the new wetlands, biological diversity varies during different subsiding periods and plays an important indicator role in ecosystem processes during the shift from farmlands to wetlands. In this study, we surveyed the quantity and diversity of avian species in six new wetlands with different timing of subsidence at Baodian Colliery, Zoucheng, Shandong province. Non -subsiding areas near the new wetlands were also surveyed as controls. During this investigation, we recorded a total of 105 avian species of 15 orders and 39 families, including 29 residents, 45 passage migrants, 5 winter residents and 26 summer residents. Avian quantity and diversity in the 6 new wetlands were all significantly higher than in control areas, indicating that the new wetlands caused by coal mining subsidence had become important habitats, especially for waterbirds. Compared with non -subsiding areas that mainly supported insecUvores, subsiding areas had a more complicated habitat structure that supported carnivores and insectivores. Bird and species numbers of bird ecological guilds on the 6 new wetlands varied with the duration of subsidence. As farmlands developed into new wetlands due to surface subsidence, the greater habitat diversity and heterogeneity, contributed to increased biodiversity.