从“对象性活动”到“现实的个人”——马克思关于人的本质认识过程的文本学探析

From“Objective Activity”to“Individuals in the Reality”——Marx's Process of Cognition of Human Nature

马克思对人的本质的认识并不是"一蹴而就"或前后"断裂"的,而是存在一个不断扬弃和提升的过程。从《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》中人的本质力量的"对象性活动",到《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中"人的本质不是单个人所固有的抽象物,在其现实性上,它是一切社会关系的总和",再到《德意志意识形态》中的"现实的个人",尽管马克思在不同时期对人的本质的认识存在差异,但这种差异并不意味着对立。相反,正是基于其早期对人的本质"定在"(黑格尔语)意义上的认识,马克思才实现了对人的本质的认识的变革。因此,任何片面强调马克思在某一时期对人的本质的认识,或者将马克思早期对人的本质的认识同质化于人道主义,都是一种理论上的曲解和僭越。

Marxs cognition of human nature underwent such a process as constant abandonment and pro- motion. First, in his book of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Marx proposed ＂objective activity＂ from the human essential power. Second, in his book of Theses on Feuerbach, Marx thought that human beings are the sum of all social relations. Third, in his book of German Ideology, Marx proposed ＂ individuals in the reality＂. In different times, Marx proposed different concepts of human nature, but these concepts are not conflicted. Those who emphasized on Marx＇ s understanding of human nature in a certain period of time, or regarded Marx＇s early understanding of human nature as humanitarianism, had a wrong understanding of Marx＇s theory.