《资本论》的机器观及其人学向度

Marx's Machine View and Its Human Dimension

在《资本论》及手稿中,马克思对机器和机器的资本主义使用进行了系统解读。马克思把机器的本质与人的存在内在地联系起来:一方面,在机器大工业中,机器取代了工人的技艺和力量占据主体地位,工人的活劳动仅仅作为机器体系的一个附件,由机器的运转来决定和调节,相比工场手工业时期,人的存在方式进一步异化;另一方面,机器作为资本的高级形态又具有重要的文明作用,它创造了丰富的物质财富,增加了社会的自由时间,加强了人们之间的社会结合和社会交往。由于资本的本性,机器的资本主义使用不可能最终解决人的自由个性实现的问题,只有在机器的共产主义使用中才能从根本上消除机器对人的奴役和支配。

In the Capital, Marx analyzed machines and the capitalist use of machine. Marx linked the essence of the machine with the human being＇s existence： On the one hand, in the machine big industry, the machine replaced the worker＇s skill and the strength to occupy the main status, the work of a worker was only as an attachment to the machine system, which was determined and regulated by the operation of the machine, compared to handicraft industry, the existence of human being was further alienated~ On the other hand, the machine as a superior form of capital had an important role in civilization, it had created rich material wealth, increased the free time of the society, strengthened the social association and social interaction between people. Due to the nature of capital, capitalist use of machine can not ultimately solve the problem of the realiza- tion of human freedom, the communist use of the machine eliminated the slave and control of the machine.