长期施肥对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Winter Wheat Yield and Water Use Efficiency

对长期定位施肥试验第32年度的测定数据进行分析,探讨长期施肥对黄绵土区冬小麦产量和土壤水分的变化及其利用效率的影响。结果表明,施肥提高了冬小麦籽粒产量.有机肥与化肥配施的增产效果更显著。肥料单施增产率在60%以上,肥料配施增产率在120%以上。冬小麦产量以有机肥配施氮磷钾处理最高(4 932.00 kg/hm^2),较对照(不施肥料)提高189.16%.水分利用效率也最高[9.65kg/(hm^2·mm)],较对照提高174.15%。不同施肥处理0~20 cm土层土壤含水量较播前下降缓慢,20~80 cm土层土壤含水量则均迅速下降。冬小麦收获后0~100cm土壤有效储水量较播前下降,下降最大的是有机肥配施氮磷钾处理,为56.6 mm,土壤耗水量最大,为511.00 mm。可见,肥料配施提高作物产量,但也增加了土壤耗水量,土壤干燥化程度也将加剧。

The effects of long-term fertilization on wheat grain yield and changes of soil water content and water use efficiency were studied in loessal soil region on the base of the latest data from a longterm fertilization experiment which has been continued for 32 years on the Loess Plateau.The results showed that both manure and chemical fertilizers could increase wheat grain yield,but manure combined with chemical fertilizer could increase wheat grain more efficiently.Single application of nitrogen or manure increased wheat grain yield above 60%,while,fertilizers combined application（NP,NPK,NM,MNP and MNPK） increased wheat grain yield higher than 120%.The highest yield and water use efficiency,4 932.00 kg/hm^2 and 9.65 kg/（hm^2 ·mm） respectively,were observed in MNPK treatment,and they were enhanced by 189.16%and 174.15%compared with CK treatment,respectively.Compared to sowing before,soil water content in the 0 — 20 cm soil layer of all treatments slowly decreased,however,soil water content in the 20 — 80 cm soil layer quickly decreased.Soil water storage in 0 —100 cm soil layer after harvest obviously decreased compared with the sowing before,the most drop was 56.6 mm in MNPK treatment,in other words,MNPK treatment had the highest soil water consumption,511.00 mm.The combined application of fertilizers would increase crop yield and water consumption,but aggravate soil dry degree.