正义的多面孔:马克思与罗尔斯

The Many Faces of Justice: Marx and Rawls

马克思和罗尔斯都致力于消除现代资本主义社会的病状。在具体方案上,马克思主张在认识历史规律的基础上进行共产主义实践,反对诉诸规范理论;罗尔斯则提出了一种平等主义的规范理论,但是缺少从现实社会向良序社会过渡的理论。从历史唯物主义的视野看来,罗尔斯的正义论注重发挥政治和法律上层建筑的能动性,马克思的社会发展理论则有助于明确其经济基础方面的条件和限度。中国特色社会主义应汲取从马克思到罗尔斯的理论资源,一手抓民主法治,一手抓市场经济,实现国家和市民社会的良性互动,才能建设成功自由和平等的社会主义社会。

Both Marx and Rawls devoted themselves to eliminating the maladies of modern capitalist society and realizing freedom and equality among people. As to specific plans,Marx advocated the practice of communism on the basis of understanding the laws of history,and opposed the use of normative theory; Rawls meanwhile put forward a normative theory of egalitarianism,but lacked a theory of how to transition from real society to a well-ordered society. Socialism with Chinese characteristics should draw from the theoretical resources of both Marx and Rawls,creatively combining the two rather than dogmatically opposing one to the other. From the dialectical view of historical materialism,Rawls' s theory of justice emphasizes bringing the dynamic role of political and legal superstructures into play,and Marx's theory of social development helps to clarify the conditions and limits of its economic basis. Only by promoting both the democratic rule of law and the market economy,and by realizing the benign interaction between the state and civil society,can we successfully build a socialist society with freedom and equality.