论新技术环境下“转换性使用”理论的发展

On the Development of “Transformative Use” Theory against the Backdrop of New Technological Environment

"转换性使用"理论是美国法官在司法实践中创立并用于判断合理使用的一个要素。随着相关司法判例的累积,各类新型使用行为层出不穷,"转换性使用"在合理使用中的地位日益突出,其内涵也不断拓展。从当前的司法实践来看,"转换性使用"在合理使用中的重要性已逐渐超越"对作品潜在市场的影响"要素,成为合理使用判断的主导要素。法院对"转换性使用"的界定应以相关作品领域的"普通理性公众"为标准,判断重心应从"内容性转换"向"目的性转换"转移。我国的司法实务也突显了对"转换性使用"理论的需求,然而,法院突破现行著作权法对限制与例外的封闭式规定以适用"转换性适用"理论仅是权益之计,最佳做法是值此著作权修法之际,对"转换性使用"理论进行本土化改造。

＂Transformative use＂ was initially proposed by American judges. With the emergence of new forms of works usage and the related cases, ＂transformative use＂ is becoming vital in fair use system. In judicial practice,it is frequently used in judging fair use. In establishing＂transformative use＂, courts need to define ＂reasonable public＂ in related work areas, and stress ＂transformative content ＂ rather than ＂transformative purpose＂.Chinese judicial practice also shows a need for＂transformative use＂. However, it is only an expediency for the courts to apply the ＂transformative use＂ theorybeyond the stipulation of Copyright Law. It is recommended to localization the ＂transformative use＂ theory during the revision of the Copyright Law.