美国慕课例外的立法考察

A Survey of American Legislation of MOOCs Exemption

美国《数字千年版权法》第5次修改临时例外时,在视听作品例外情形中新增"慕课例外条款"。剖析法定因素、非侵权性使用、不利影响和适用主体四个博弈焦点,解读该条款主要内容,可知规避技术措施的主体只能是为了教育与评论目的的非营利教育机构的慕课教师,面向的对象只能是慕课的注册学生,可规避的作品类型仅限于美国版权法第101条所界定的视频。该条款为美国慕课注册学生获取视听作品提供了基本保障,但有适用主体和条件严苛、可规避的作品类型和范围过窄的局限。中国有更迫切的慕课需求,可借鉴美国慕课例外条款,适度扩大可规避视听作品的类型和范围,对依法被破解技术措施的视听作品的利用进行规范。

The fifth revision of exemptions to the prohibition on circumvention in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of the United States adds the massive open online courses（MOOCs） exemption clause（＂MOOCs Clause＂for short） in audiovisual works exemptions. The arguments around four focuses on noninfringing use, adverse effects, statutory factors and applicable subject are analyzed, then this thesis explains the evolution process and main content of such provision,it can be concluded that the subject who is authorized to use MOOCs clause by circumventing TPMs is only the faculty of MOOCs offered by accredited nonprofit educational institutions for educational purposes; object oriented is only the officially enrolled students through online platforms. The category of works is only limited to motion pictures as defined in 17 U.S.C.101. While MOOCs Clause protects the rights of students enrolled in MOOCs to acquire audiovisual works, it still has some defects such as strict limitation of application subject and conditions, strict restriction of works types and scope. Comparing with U.S,China has a more urgent need to develop MOOCs.