美国学生指导制度的历史沿革述评

Comments on the Historical Evolution of the Modern Student Guidance in USA

19世纪末,指导先驱们进行了早期的探索。弗兰克·帕森斯《选择一份职业》(1909)一书将特质因素理论作为学生指导的理论基础,标志着现代学生指导制度的正式诞生。20世纪40~50年代,联邦政府正通过法令资助高校对专业指导人才的培养。70年代,全方位学校指导项目将学生指导提升到与教学、管理同等重要的地位。1997年《学校指导项目的国家标准》提出学生指导是为了促进学生在学业、职业和个人/社会性三大领域内的发展,该标准现已成为美国及其他一些国家和地区学生指导工作的实践指南。美国学生指导的健康发展得益于心理学科的支持、指导教师的培养、专业协会的引领及相关法规的保障等。

In the late 19th century, the pioneers made a positive exploration of student guidance. Frank Parsons＇ Choosing a Vocation（1909） regarded the theoretical basis as it, marking the birth of the modem student guidance. In the 1940s-50s, the federal government officially funded the colleges and universities to train the counselors. In the 1970s, Comprehensive School Guidance Programs to promote the guidance to the same position as teaching and management. In 1997, the National Standards for School Counseling Programs to promote academic development, career development and personal/social development for students.The standard has now become a practical guide for student guidance in the United States and other countries and regions. The healthy development of American student guidance benefits from the support of psychology, the training of counselors, the guidance of professional associations and the protection of relevant laws and regulations.