日本作为看护政策前提的家庭模式——20世纪70年代之后的育儿·老年人看护

Family Model Presumed by Care Policies:Child-Rearing and Elderly Care after the 1970s in Japan

在20世纪70年代之后的福利国家重组过程中,此前被认为应该由以家庭为中心的私人关系应对的看护问题,逐渐变成了社会问题,需要以特殊的政策加以应对。但是这一过程进展的并不顺利。特别是家庭主义规范根深蒂固的日本社会,一直存在着试图将看护与家庭关联起来的各种反对势力。本文的目的是,通过追踪70年代以后看护政策的变动,理清各个年代作为政策前提的或是所期望的家庭模式是如何变化的。本文所涉及的政策范畴设定为育儿·老年人看护中的"劳动""费用"的援助政策,主要的分析材料取自各类政策文件。分析结果显示,尽管在20世纪70、80年代,同时采取了以性别角色分工型家庭为前提的看护政策以及育儿援助·老年人的看护政策,但是到了20世纪90年代之后,这种模式逐渐出现分歧。在育儿援助政策方面,尽管人们逐渐认识到男性与女性雇佣环境的变化以及随之产生的家庭的变化,但仍然无法完全放弃"男性收入为主的家庭"模式。而在老年人看护方面,受到老年人居住形态及看护态势多样化的影响,至少在制度设计上,以"个人单位"已经变成了一个前提条件。只是在这两个领域当中,政策的家庭模式与社会现实之间存在着严重的不协调,仍然有很多课题有待解决。

In the process of reconstructing the welfare state after the 1970 s,care,which used to be provided mainly within a private family relationship,has been positioned as a social problem that requires unique political measures.However,progress of this process has not always been straightforward and smooth.The resistant force that tries to keep care within families continues to exist in changing forms particularly in the Japanese society rooted in strong familism.The purpose of this paper is to clarify the transformation of the family model assumed or expected by policies in each age,by tracing the trend of care policies after the 1970 s.This paper addresses child-rearing and elderly care policies,focusing on its support measures for labor and costs,with various political documents being examined as main materials for analysis.It is clarified in results of the analysis that political measures to support child-rearing and elderly care were adopted along with care measures assuming a family based on gender roles in the 1970s-80 s,while the model branched off after the1990 s.The necessity of measures to support child-rearing has been recognized,because of the changing environment of labor market for males and females and resulting transformation of families,however the male breadwinner model cannot be fully abandoned under the current situation.On the other hand,elderly care policies,at least for the purpose of institutional design,individual units became the premise of political measures,because of diversification of the residence forms and care structure for the elderly.However,the discrepancy between the family model in care policies and the social reality of families is significant in both areas,leaving many tasks.