中道与诗法——中国诗学的审美感悟之五

Madhyamapratipad and Poetic Rules:The Aesthetic Inspiration of Chinese Poetics (Ⅴ)

中道(中观)是大乘佛学中最基本的重要观念,唐代诗僧皎然作为中国诗学史上重要的诗论家,在其《诗式》和《诗议》中颇为明确地以"中道"方法来建构其诗论系统,昭示了在中国诗学中借鉴佛学"中道"观念而呈现的一些诗学理论内涵。其他尚有很多诗人或诗论家的诗歌风貌和诗论具有"中道"色彩。"中道"观念主要的不是直接进入诗学的表层,而是作为一种内在的方法论,呈现为具有丰富理论蕴含的诗学命题。"中道"观念对于中国诗学异于西方诗学的特质,起到了非常重要的作用。如:使诗人作为审美主体把握对象的方式,由个别的、局部的变为整体性的把握和领悟;般若中观对中国诗学的渗透,使意象和意境有着明显的幻象特征;中道的"不A不B"或"非A非B"的思维方式,进入诗论后发生各种形态变异,大大增加了古典诗歌的内在张力;中道的"无分别"与"不二法门"对语言名相的消解,使诗论进一步形成了超越语言之上的审美价值系统。

Madhyamapratipad is one of the most basic concepts in Mahayana Buddhism philosophy.Jiao Ran（皎然）was a Buddhist monk and poet of the Tang Dynasty.As an important poetic theorist in Chinese poetic history,he clearly illustrated his poetic theoretical system constructed with the method of Madhyamapratipad in hisPoetic Style（《诗式》）andPoetic Discussion（《诗议》）,which presented some poetic theoretical connotations using Madhyamapratipad for reference in Chinese poetics.The concept of Madhyamapratipad was also reflected in the poems and poetic theories of many other poets and poetic theorists.Madhyamapratipad is mainly an internal methodology instead of being simply shown on the surface of poetics,which presents itself as a poetic proposition with rich theoretical connotations.Madhyamapratipad played a very important role in distinguishing the characteristics between Chinese and Western poetics.For example,it made the way of a poet as an aesthetic subject to deal with an object shift from individual and partial into integral treatment and comprehension.Because of the infiltration of Hannya（般若）Madhyamapratipad into Chinese poetics,image and aesthetic imagery were characterized with obvious phantom.When the mindsets of＂neither A nor B＂and＂non-A and non-B＂in Madhyamapratipad were introduced into poetic theories,there occurred various morphological variations which greatly increased internal tension of classical poems.The clearing up of the language glossary by＂freedom from distinction＂and＂the one and only way＂further formed the aesthetic values system of poetics beyond language.