共享经济的现代发展及其潜在问题:以共享单车为例的分析

The Modern Development of Shared Economy and Its Potential Problems:An Analysis by Taking the Example of Shared Bicycles

共享经济减少了物品的闲置而最大限度地发挥了物品的功效,不仅可以增进生产者剩余和消费者剩余,而且也有利于打造新型的低碳环保的经济形态。但同时,共享经济的无序发展也带来了两大严重问题:(1)准公共品性质滋生出大量的搭便车行为,进而使得运营商受损;(2)准公共品性质还滋生出强烈的负外部性,进而使得运营商获利。进而,第一个问题的解决有赖于有效的治理机制,其中最佳机制是"强互惠"机制,而这依赖于社会网络的建设和文化伦理的培育;第二个问题的解决有赖于明确的责任界定,其中可行的措施是设立"维安基金",而这有赖于新的制度安排和立法思考。一般地,只有解决上述两大问题,才能全面衡量新兴共享经济的真实经济价值,进而才能更好地引导共享经济的有序发展。很大程度上,共享泡沫的产生和破灭都体现出市场创新的盲目性,从而就需要政府的积极规划和引导。

The sharing economy reduces the idleness of goods and maximizes the value of goods,which not only can improve the producer＇s surplus and consumer＇s surplus,but also help to build a new economic form with low-carbon environmental protection.However,the disorderly developing of sharing economy has also brought two serious problems：（1） the nature of quasi public goods will cause a large number of free riding behaviors,which makes the operators damaged;（2） the nature of quasi public goods also will create some strong negative externalities,which makes operators benefited.Accordingly,it depends on the effective governance mechanism to solve the first problem,and among these,the best mechanism is the mechanism of ＂strong reciprocity＂,and which depends on the construction of social network and the cultivation of cultural ethics.It depends on a clear definition of responsibility to solve second problems,and among these,the feasible measures is to establish the ＂security fund＂,and which depends on the arrangement of new institutions and the thinking of legislation.Generally speaking,only by solving these two problems,can we comprehensively measure the true economic value of the emerging sharing economy,and then better guide its orderly developing.To a great extent,the emergence and bursting of sharing bubbles both reflect the blindness of market innovation,which results in requires of active planning and guidance from active government.