城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化:农民工的就业与工资

Changes to Hukou Discrimination in China's Labor Market:Employment and Wages of Rural Migrant Workers

本文利用中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所的中国城市劳动力调查,从就业进入、工资影响因素和工资歧视三个方面对2001年、2010年城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化进行研究。对农民工和城市本地劳动力教育回报率的比较发现,农民工的教育回报率大幅提高,与相同学历的城市本地劳动力的教育回报率相似。农民工的工资决定机制与城市本地劳动力正在趋同。2010年农民工面临的就业隔离比2001年大幅下降,而且在各部门内部小时工资的歧视也大幅下降。然而,当农民工进入公有单位时依然受到较强歧视,就业隔离依然存在,因此,城市劳动力市场需要进一步健全,仍需规范公有单位的用工和招聘制度。

The transfer of rural surplus labor is associated with China＇s economic growth. Furthermore, labor reconfiguration makes a great contribution to economic growth. Rural migrant workers have been an important part of China＇s labor market. China＇s urban labor market has experienced great change. Labor market supply and demand changes may affect employment, wages and discrimination. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the change in the decision mechanism of employment and wages for rural migrant workers in China＇s urban labor market. Although numerous studies have analyzed the discrimination of rural migrant workers in China＇s urban labor market, most of them have used cross-sectional data, with little emphasis on comparative studies. These studies can be classified into two groups. Studies conducted before 2002 generally found the ratio of discrimination on wage gap between urban local workers and rural migrant workers to be approximately 50%. Those conducted after 2002 have found the ratio of discrimination to be much lower. However, it is worth noting that comparing these results cannot directly show the change in discrimination in Chiua＇s urban labor market, as the methods and data used in these studies have differed. We find that few studies have discussed the change in discrimination and that employment segregation has not been considered. Nevertheless, some researchers have found that system segregation and occupation segregation still exist when rural migrant workers enter the urban labor market. Therefore, we analyze the discrimination faced by rural migrant workers in two parts using the dual labor market and crowding effect theories ： （ 1 ） whether workers can enter the labor market and （2） whether discrimination exists after workers enter the market and how wages are determined. To address the first issue, we analyze factors of employment for urban local workers and rural migrant workers using the muhinomial logit model and the 2001 and 2010 Chinese Urban Labor Survey. We then discuss the employment distribution of rural migrant workers in the self- employment, non-public and public sectors, in which they are considered urban local workers by counterfactual analysis. For the second part, we discuss the change in the wage decision mechanism and wage discrimination in each sector. Based on the Mincer function, we analyze the effects of several factors on wage in each sector for urban local workers and rural migrant workers using unconditional quantile regression. Furthermore, we pay more attention to the effect of education on wage and the change in return to education from 2001 to 2010. We then decompose the wage gap between urban local and rural migrant workers into two parts using Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux decomposition, proposed by Firpo et al. （2007） , and compare the change in discrimination faced by rural migrant workers in each sector from 2001 to 2010. The main conclusions are as follows. First, the discrimination of employment segregation faced by rural migrant workers decreased in 2010 compared with 2001. The education of rural migrant workers had a significant effect on the possibility of entering the public sector in 2010, but this effect did not exist in 2001. Furthermore, the effect of age on employment decreases in both significance and degree. Second, the results of decomposing the wage gap between urban local workers and rural migrant workers in each sector show that the wage discrimination faced by rural migrant workers decreased in 2010 compared with 2001. They also indicate that the wage gap is mainly affected by differences in individual characteristics, nut by discrimination. Combining employment segregation and wage discrimination, we conclude that employment segregation still exists when rural migrant workers enter the public sector. However, once they entered the public sector in 2010, wage discrimination sharply decreased. Given these findings, we suggest that policymakers further enhance recruiting and hiring norms to change the dual labor market between urban local workers and rural migrant workers into a fairer, more normative and more uniform labor market.