清代哈密厅建置沿革与西北地区的权力制衡

History of the Establishment of Hami Ting(Office) and the Power Balance in Northwest China in the Qing Dynasty

目前学界对清代哈密厅建置沿革的认识存在严重的讹误和缺失。哈密厅的起源可以追溯到康熙年间所设的粮员,至乾隆七年(1742)改派同知或通判以后,已经具备了政区厅的核心要素。哈密在清代西北地缘政治中扮演着重要角色,是清朝中央、伊犁将军、乌鲁木齐都统、陕甘总督四方权力交汇的节点,清政府不仅直接管辖部分哈密事务,还通过调整该地的事权归属,使三个大吏之间相互制衡,借以平衡西北地区的权力配置,维护边疆安全。

There exist many serious mistakes and defects in current academia' s cognition of the history of the establishment of Hami Ting( office) in the Qing Dynasty. The origin of Hami Ting can be traced back to the position Liangyuan( food clerk) set up during the reign of Emperor Kangxi,in the 7th year of Emperor Qianlong' s reign( 1742) Tongzhi( Deputy Magistrate) or Tongpan( Vice-prefect) was set up there and the core elements of an administrative division were available. As an intersection of the authority of central government of the Qing Dynasty,the General of Ili,the Dutong( Commander-inchief) of Urumqi and the Zongdu( Governor-general) of Shanxi and Gansu,Hami played an important role in the geopolitics of Northwest China during the Qing Dynasty. The Qing court not only exercised direct jurisdiction over part of Hami' s affairs,but also kept power balance of the three magnates mentioned above by adjusting the division of powers in this area,thus to balance the power allocation in Northwest China and maintain the stability and security of border areas.