楼兰地区新发现“张帀千人丞印”的历史学考察

A Historical Study on “Zhangza Qianren Cheng Yin”(Seal of An Officer in Zhangza) Newly Found in Loulan

"张帀千人丞印"中的"千人"、"丞"可能均为两汉时期的职官称谓,"千人"为曲一级的领兵将官,秩次为比六百石,"丞"为"千人"之属吏,"丞、尉秩三百石。"由此推知"张匝千人丞印"为一枚秩三百石的官吏印。根据外观造型及制作技法来看,该印有可能是在本地制造,"张帀"估计是西域长史管辖下的某一地名。两汉时期,中原王朝对西域进行有效官辖,设置西域都护府,并配置一套独立的职官系统,魏晋、前凉时期基本沿袭两汉治理西域的思路,在西域设立西域长史一职,但有关西域长史营的职官系统却不见诸史载。此印的发现则填补了这一空缺,进一步完善了魏晋西域长史营的职官系统,为深入研究两汉至魏晋时期西域职官制度具有重要的学术价值。

Among the characters on the seal,'Qianren'and'Cheng'both might be the official titles of the Western and Eastern Han dynasties.'Qianren'was a Qu-level military officer with a salary of 600 dan,'Cheng'was a clerk subordinated to 'Qianren'. 'Cheng and Wei receive a salary of 300dan'. Therefore,this 'Zhangza Qianren Cheng Yin'seal belonged to an officer with a salary of 300 dan. According to the shape and engraving technique of the seal,it might be made locally and 'Zhangza'might be the name of a place under the jurisdiction of Xiyu Zhangshi( Chief Official of the Western Regions). During the Western and Eastern Han dynasties,the ruling dynasties in the Central Plains exercised effective jurisdiction over the Western Regions,established the Western Regions Frontier Command and installed a set of independent official system. The administrative strategies of the Western Regions by the Western and Eastern Han dynasties were essentially followed by the Wei,Jin dynasties and the Former Liang Regime,the post of Xiyu Zhangshi was kept but the official system of the office of Xiyu Zhangshi was not recorded in historical books. The discovery of this seal filled the historical vacancy and perfected the official system of the office of Xiyu Zhangshi,and posses important academic value for further research of the official system in the Western Regions from the Western and Eastern Han dynasties to the Wei-Jin period.