美国城市土地区划中的美学规范及其对中国的启示

Aesthetic Norms in American Urban Land Zoning and Its Implications for China

土地美学的法律规范兼具美学和法学双重属性,在城市中,集中体现为利用法律规范的形式对土地利用进行规划和限制以符合城市景观美学。美国土地使用规划中的美学规范属于警察权的范畴,经历了司法拒绝、附带性承认和单独承认三个阶段,并在历史街区、地标等的美学保护上发挥了重要作用。新中国成立以来,我国城市土地区划法律体系中缺乏必要的"美学条款",通过借鉴美国的经验,我国应当在构建城市土地区划的美学规范时用原则性规范确立美学的独立保护价值,在充分论证美学与其他公共利益联系性的基础上制定具体可操作的美学条款;建立公民参与制度并引入"环境权";对特殊区域进行重点"美学保护";构建"区划奖励与惩罚"制度。

The legal norm of land aesthetics should be in line with both aesthetics and law. In the city,it is embodied in the planning and restriction of the use of land in the form of legal norms to conform to the urban landscape aesthetics. The aesthetic norm in land use of the United States belongs to the category of police power,and it has experienced three stages: judicial refusal,incidental recognition and independent recognition. Moreover,it also plays an important role in the aesthetic protection of historical district and landmarks. Since the founding of the PRC,China's urban land zoning legal system lacks the necessary ' aesthetic clauses'. By referring to the experience of the United States,China should establish independent aesthetic protective principle and create specific operational aesthetic provisions on the basis of the relationship of other public interests. Furthermore,it should also introduce civil participation system and ' environmental rights' with more emphasis on the aesthetic protection of special areas in order to construct the ' zoning incentives and punishment' system.