阿多诺对先锋艺术“自发性”的批判

Adorno's Critique of “Spontaneity”of the Avant-garde Art

阿多诺是现代主义艺术的坚定维护者。他从"艺术自律"观念出发,批判了先锋派以"自发性"为核心的艺术理念。他认为所谓的"自发观念"和"直接意识"往往是未经反思的"物化意识"。先锋派的"自动写作""拼贴"和"蒙太奇"等创作手法,不仅使得自律艺术陷入危机,还会危及艺术本身。先锋艺术的艺术形式是无机的,这使得它们不仅不能"介入"现实、批判资本体系,还会因形式破碎而受到"文化工业"的侵染,堕入到资本主义体系之中。对此,阿多诺认为真正优秀的艺术作品应是依据"艺术逻辑"构建自身的作品。此类作品是理性的结晶。"艺术逻辑"既吸纳了"演绎逻辑"的合理之处,又批判了"演绎逻辑"的压抑形态即"工具理性"。然而,阿多诺借助艺术批判理性的做法,遭到哈贝马斯和韦尔默的有意"误读"。他们认为阿多诺的"审美主义"观念实则将审美置于理性之上,试图通过审美来解决社会现代性带来的问题。然而,这种"审美主义"观念恰恰是阿多诺反对的。

Adorno staunchly supports modernist art. From the concept of ＂art autonomy,＂he criticizes the avant-garde＇s artistic ideas,which centers on the concept of ＂spontaneity. ＂ As he argues,the so-called ＂spontaneous ideas ＂ and ＂immediate consciousness＂are the ＂reified consciousnesses＂which are constantly unexamined. Avant-garde＇s skills of creating art works,including ＂autonomous writing,＂＂collage＂and＂montage,＂not only put the autonomous arts in danger,but also harm art itself.The artistic form of avant-garde is inorganic,which hampers itself to engage in reality and the critique of the capitalist system.Moreover,this situation would also be contaminated by the＂cultural industry＂insomuch as its tattered form,and degenerate into the capitalist system. Accordingly,Adorno argues that the truly excellent art works should be those that are self-constructed based on the ＂art logic. ＂Art works of this sort are crystalized by rationality. On the one hand,art logic absorbs the rational aspect of deductive logic; on the other hand,it also criticizes deductive logic＇s repressive form（ ＂instrumental rationality＂in other words）.However,Adorno＇s action of borrowing art-rationality is intentionally misread by Habermas and Wellmer. For them,Adorno＇s aestheticism actually puts aesthetic above rationality,and tries to solve the problems caused by social modernity through art.Nevertheless,this aestheticism is exactly what Adorno opposes.