清前期满洲官员升转问题研究

The Promotion and Transfer of Manchu Officials in the Early Qing Dynasty

清代官员的满汉复职制度一直都是清前期官制史研究的重点问题,以满人为主导的清代统治阶层,在升迁上为满洲官员创造了便利。他们不仅在制度上享有优先,在行政过程中也有更多机会。但是这一制度在清朝二百余年中一直平稳运行,未曾导致国家治理偏失或官员的集体抵制,说明它有相对的合理性。本文以《品级考》和《铨选则例》中相关条例入手,进一步分析满洲官员在升转中的实际情况,对比汉官升转过程,以考察清前期满洲特色在官制史中的体现。

The dual appointment of Manchu and Han in the early Qing Dynasty has been a key issue in research on Qing official posts. Since Manchus dominated the ruling class during the Qing, the government granted many prerogatives to Manchus. Manchus not only had priority treatment at the institutional level, they also had more opportunities in the pursuit of practical politics. This system ran smoothly for more than two hundred years without any official bias or collective resistance in governance, so the system must have been relatively reasonable and rational. Based on historical materials which include the Official Rank Survey and the Official Selection Rules, this article further analyzes the promotion and transfer of Manchu officials and compares them to Han officials, in order to summarize some Manchu privileges in the early Qing official system.