启蒙运动、科学与拉丁美洲独立战争浅论

On the Enlightenment,Science and Latin American Independent Revolution

独立战争前夕,在欧洲启蒙思想两大灵魂——科学和理性的影响下,伊比利亚美洲殖民地也兴起了一场被后人称为"拉丁美洲启蒙运动"的思想解放运动,并带动了科学的第一次大发展。这一大发展由六大因素促成,即殖民地经济的发展、教育的世俗化、科学和技术性报纸和杂志的出版发行、私人图书馆的建立、各种科学团体的成立以及秘密社会的兴起等。拉丁美洲启蒙思想和科学范式呈现出两大新特征,一个是融合、妥协和混合性特征;一个是实证主义和功利主义特征。这场启蒙运动与科学对拉美独立战争起到了重要的推动作用:科学本身成了独立战争的一个政治工具;理性的科学为独立战争奠定了思想基础,科学研究催生了拉美特有的民族意识和爱国科学的形成;殖民地新兴的科学家和知识分子阶层成为独立战争新型领导人。

Before the Latin American independent revolution,inspired by the principle of reason and science of the European Enlightenment,there emerged another Enlightenment movement in Iberian American colonies called＂Latin American Enlightenment＂which sprouted the first great development of science. There were six factors that contributed to the development of colonial science in Iberian America： mining and other economic activities;secularized education; scientific and technical magazines and journals; public and private libraries; scientific communities and secret societies. There formed two new features of modern scientific paradigms in Iberian America： one was the mixed character of science and the other was its Utilitarian nature. The development of science in Latin American colonies had great impact on the Latin American independent revolution mainly in three distinguished aspects. First,in the 18 th century,science became an important political tool for the Independent Revolution. Second,scientific research in the Iberian American colonies also helped to form national identities which were indispensable for the independent movement. And thirdly,almost all the leaders in Latin American independent revolution were kind of new scientists and intellectuals with new scientific thoughts.