鱼类免疫应答机制研究进展

Research Progress of Immune Response Mechanisms in Fish

鱼类免疫应答可以分为固有免疫和适应性免疫,但固有免疫发挥主要作用。固有免疫对病原体的识别是通过模式识别受体PRR与病原相关分子模式PAMP的相互结合实现,这与哺乳类相似。但为适应水生生活,鱼类固有免疫对PAMP的识别范围更广,免疫应答的启动条件更低。固有免疫的效应细胞主要是单核/巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、自然杀伤细胞等,具有吞噬和杀伤功能,还可分泌多种免疫相关的细胞因子,介导发生炎症反应。适应性免疫中,T淋巴细胞通过抗原提呈细胞分解吸收抗原,由主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)类分子递送到细胞表面才能识别。B淋巴细胞分泌产生以免疫球蛋白Ig M为主的抗体分子,而发挥抗体中和作用及免疫调理作用的Ig G在鱼类中比较少见,说明鱼类抗体的免疫功能还处于较低水平。本文综述了近二十年内鱼类免疫应答机制的相关研究进展,为进一步了解鱼类免疫应答机制提供参考。

Like mammals, fish immune response can be divided into innate immunity, which is primarily realized by identifying pathogens through the interactive combination of pattern recognition receptor （PRR） and pathogen-associated molecular pattern （PAMP）, and adaptive immunity. In order to adapt to aquatic life, however, fish innate immunity has a broader recognition scope on PAMP to launch immune response under low conditions. Effect cells of innate immunity are mainly comprised of mononuclear/macrophage, neutrophilic granulocyte and natural killer cells and others showing functions ofphagocytosis and killing and secreting multiple immune-associated cytokines and mediate in inflammatory response. In the adaptive immunity, T lymphocytes absorb antigens through decomposition of antigen presenting cells and identifiation by transmitting to the surface by main histocompatibility complex （MHC） molecules, indicating the lower immunity under the limitation of MHC molecules, compared to the mammals. In the mammals, B lymphocytes generate antibody modules by the primary immune globulin IgM while the fish antibody modules are de- rived from the rare IgG, indicating that comparing with mammals, immunologic functions offish antibody are still kept in the low lev- el. The relevant articles of fish immune response mechanism published in the past 20 years are summarized, aiming to further know about the research progress of fish immune response mechanism.